Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the treatment of infectious diseases in daily clinical practice, the physician is faced with a wide choice of antibiotics. Rational antibiotic use requires knowledge of the pathogens causing disease at that site, and the prevalence of resistance. In outpatient respiratory tract infection, for example, 3 pathogens, Branhamella (Moraxella) catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, predominate, beta-Lactamase production by the first 2 is a significant factor in antibiotic selection for respiratory tract infection. Empirical antibiotics are selected for efficacy, cost-effectiveness, safety and patient compliance.
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PMID:The use of oral antibiotics in daily clinical practice. 172 47

We studied case reports of bacterial meningitis and estimated its incidence per 100,000 in three areas of Osaka Prefecture which differed in population and vaccination schedule for the years of 1987 and 1988. To estimate incidence, we used a simple mathematical method derived from surveillance data for a reported number of exanthem subitum to obtain a coverage constant. With this coverage constant, we estimated the incidence of bacterial meningitis per 100,000 population for each area. In the Toyono area, with a population of about one million, the acellular pertussis vaccine series is started in children of three to six months of age and the incidence of bacterial meningitis per 100,000 was 1.95 in 1987 and 5.35 in 1988. Conversely, in Osaka City and Sakai City, with populations of about 2.6 and 0.8 million, respectively, the vaccine is given to children over two years of age and the incidence of bacterial meningitis per 100,000 was estimated to be 6.25 and 3.23 in 1987 and 14.62 and 1.07 in 1988, respectively. Thirteen cases of bacterial meningitis had been reported by Minoh City Hospital, in the Toyono area, and the Osaka City Infectious Disease Center in 1987 and 1988. Patients were seven males and six females and aged from less than a month to four years old. In six, the causal agent was Haemophilus influenzae type B, in three, Group B streptococcus, in two, Neisseria meningitidis and in one, Listeria monocytogenes. Only one of the thirteen patients had received an acellular pertussis vaccine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Relationship between bacterial meningitis and acellular pertussis vaccine. 177 25

In order to know the etiology of purulent meningitis in infant and children, a retrospective study was done; 709 cases of a pediatric infectious disease service were analyzed. Diagnosis was established either by antigen detection (coagglutination) or bacterial culture. In 334/709 (48%) the bacterial agent was identifies. Haemophilus influenzae type b (70%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (14%), Enterobacteriaceae (8%) and Streptococcus sp (6.5%) were the most frequent. According to our results the epidemiologic pattern of purulent meningitis has not changed. A therapeutic approach is suggested.
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PMID:[The etiology of purulent meningoencephalitis in pediatrics. The therapeutic implications]. 179 Aug 36

Bacterial meningitis is a serious infectious disease, the course of which depends on the correct use of antibiotics and an intensive symptomatic and support therapy. The presence of microbes and their fractions in the CNS determines inflammatory phenomena that lead, through complex mechanisms, to the supportive treatment has the purpose of curbing the inflammatory phenomena, reducing cerebral oedema and avoiding ischaemia. This therapy makes use of cortisone and mannitol. The effectiveness of cortisone in reducing cerebral damage and, consequently, the neurological sequelae of the disease has been documented in experimental models and in man. After analysing the pathogenetic events of cerebral damage and the rationale of the treatment, reference is made to a personal therapeutic protocol that includes an aetiological treatment (Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/die), a support therapy (dexamethasone 0.2-0.3 mg/kg/die, mannitol, water restriction) and a symptomatic therapy (for convulsions, high temperature and shock). Both the antibiotic and cortisone are also introduced into the spine on the occasion of lumbar injection. 122 children suffering from non-tubercular bacterial meningitis, admitted to the Emergency Department of the Regina Margherita Infant Hospital of Turin in the period 1984-89, were treated. A further 7 patients, admitted for the same pathology, died within a few hours. In 88% of cases, aetiological agents were found by bacterioscopic and/or cultural and/or co-agglutinin on liquor examination (Neisseria meningitidis 47.5%, Haemophilus influenzae 20.5%, Streptococcus pneumoniae 15.6%, others 4.1%). The patients were treated with support therapy for as long as clinical conditions required it and with Ceftriaxone until clinical cure, end of fever and normalisation of PRC. In the reported series, 90% of patients were treated for from 3 to 6 days. This duration of antibiotic therapy is shorter than that reported and recommended in the literature. Therapeutic results were very good with 95% cure without neurological sequelae even at 6 month/1 year follow-up. Only 6 patients reported sequelae (2 irritative anomalies at EEG, 3 hypoacusis, 12 psychomotor retardation). The results were also better than those reported in the Italian and foreign literature. The Authors are convinced that, in the hands of experienced physicians, timely antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, cerebral anti-oedema and symptomatic treatment will improve the prognosis for bacterial meningitis in infancy.
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PMID:[Rational bases of current etiopathogenetic therapy of bacterial meningitis. Review of the literature and personal experience in 122 pediatric cases]. 179 1

The new oral cephalosporins cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten demonstrate enhanced activity against Enterobacteriaceae susceptible to the established compounds as well (e.g. cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefadroxil). In addition, cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten include in their spectrum species hitherto resistant to oral cephalosporins (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp., Yersinia enterocolitica). Besides, the majority of these compounds demonstrate relevant activity (MIC50 equal to or below 2 mg/l) against Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. and Morganella morganii. Ceftibuten is the most potent oral cephalosporin against most of the Enterobacteriaceae. Non-fermentative bacilli (Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp.) remain completely resistant to oral cephalosporins (except some Acinetobacter species against cefdinir and Pseudomonas cepacia against ceftibuten). Antistaphylococcal activity for oral cephalosporins is highest for cefdinir followed by BAY 3522, cefprozil, cefuroxime and cefpodoxime. Loracarbef, cefaclor and cefadroxil are about equally active, while the other compounds are only weakly active (cefixime) or inactive (cefetamet, ceftibuten). Enterococci are insensitive to new generation oral cephalosporins as they have been to established compounds. The most active oral cephalosporins against hemolytic streptococci are cefdinir and cefprozil. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri and Streptococcus mitior are most susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefdinir, cefuroxime and BAY 3522. Penicillin resistant pneumococci have to be regarded as resistant to all oral cephalosporins. Fastidious pathogens like Haemophilus spp., Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are more susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten than to the other oral cephalosporins. The activity of oral cephalosporins is only weak against Listeria spp., Helicobacter pylori and anaerobic pathogens (except BAY 3522). Bordetella pertussis remains resistant to all absorbable cephalosporins. Progress in antibacterial activity of oral cephalosporins was mainly achieved by cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten against Enterobacteriaceae and the fastidious pathogens and against staphylococci and the nonenterococcal streptococci by cefdinir, BAY 3522, cefprozil and cefpodoxime.
Infection
PMID:Antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime in comparison with cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet, ceftibuten, loracarbef, cefprozil, BAY 3522, cefuroxime, cefaclor and cefadroxil. 180 Mar 77

The antimicrobial activity of cefpodoxime, the active metabolite of the new cephalosporin ester cefpodoxime proxetil, in comparison to cefixime, cefotiam, cefuroxime, and cefotaxime was determined against a broad spectrum of freshly isolated gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. Cefpodoxime was demonstrated to be inhibitory at concentrations of less than or equal to 1 mg/l against 90% of strains of Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli (beta-lactamase- negative strains), Klebsiella spp., Serratia spp., Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp., and Salmonella spp. This antimicrobial activity of cefpodoxime was generally superior to that of cefuroxime and similar to that of cefixime. Cefpodoxime was active at less than or equal to 1 mg/l against 50% of the members of beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter spp., and Morganella morganii. Cefpodoxime proved to be highly inhibitory against group A, B, and G streptococci and Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC90 less than 0.015 mg/l). The MICs of cefpodoxime and those of the other cephalosporins were less than 2 mg/l for greater than or equal to 90% of the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with the exception of cefixime which had no activity with MICs below 8 mg/l against these bacteria. Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Enterococcus spp. were resistant to cefpodoxime. The antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime was only to a minor degree influenced by different growth conditions with the exception of high inoculum sizes against some beta-lactamase producing strains of gram-negative bacilli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Infection
PMID:Cefpodoxime: comparative antibacterial activity, influence of growth conditions, and bactericidal activity. 180 Mar 79

Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of cefmenoxime were determined either microbiologically or by means of HPLC in 20 children with proven or suspected bacterial meningitis. Sixteen children suffered from bacterial meningitis: causative organisms were Haemophilus influenzae type b (n = 10), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 4) and Neisseria meningitidis (n = 2). In these patients the cefmenoxime concentration in the CSF ranged from 0.9 to 12.2 mg/l, with a mean concentration of 4.63 mg/l 1.5-3 h after the last intravenous cefmenoxime application and 24-48 h after initiating therapy with 200 mg cefmenoxime/kg/d in four doses. In eight cases the bactericidal titers of the CSF were examined during therapy. Titers between 1:64 and 1:2,048, exceeding the minimal bactericidal concentration, were found. After five doses of cefmenoxime 50 mg/kg, two CSF cultures showed bacterial growth: one H. influenzae (bactericidal titer in CSF 1:256) and one S. pneumoniae.
Infection
PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of cefmenoxime in children with bacterial meningitis. 181 11

Ninety infants less than 1 year of age with pneumonia and 43 control infants were investigated for viral and chlamydial infection with the use of culture and serology and for bacterial infection with the use of blood cultures, lung aspirates, antibody assays and antigen detection procedures. One or more potential pathogens were identified in 62 (69%) cases with pneumonia and in 12 (28%) controls. Infection by respiratory viruses was identified in 42 (49%) cases and in 8 (19%) controls. Respiratory syncytial virus was the commonest pathogen identified and was found in 32 cases (37%). Bacterial infections were also common, being found in 27 (30%) cases and 3 (7%) controls, and predominantly involved Streptococcus pneumoniae (20%) or Haemophilus influenzae (11%). Bacterial infections were associated with raised white blood cell counts and were identified more often by antigen detection procedures (68%) than by culture of blood or lung aspirates (34%) or by serology (33%). Mixed viral-bacterial infections were identified in 13 cases (15%). Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis was diagnosed in 2 infants with acute lower respiratory tract infection and in 1 control infant.
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PMID:Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Gambian children: I. Acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants presenting at the hospital. 184 64

Isolated bacteria from respiratory infectious diseases were collected in cooperation with institutions located throughout Japan, since 1981, and Ikemoto et al. have been examining sensitivities of the isolates to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics, relationships between the isolates and the backgrounds of the patients and so forth each year. We report here the research results for the year 1988. In 18 institutions around the entire Japan from October 1988 to September 1989, 554 strains of bacteria were isolated mainly from the sputa of 439 patients with respiratory infectious diseases and assumed to be the etiologic bacteria. MICs of various antibacterial agents and antibiotics against 68 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 102 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 120 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 86 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 65 strains of Branhamella catarrhalis, 18 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and so forth, were determined, and the drug sensitivities of these strains were examined except for the strains which died during transportation. The drug sensitivities of the main strains were almost the same as those determined last year for each drug. However, S. aureus strains for which MICs of methicillin were higher than 12.5 micrograms/ml (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) accounted for 38.2%, and the frequency of drug resistant bacteria increased over last year's 18.2%. Also, we examined changes in the backgrounds of patients, the infectious diseases, and the etiologic bacteria and so forth. As to patient backgrounds, there were many infectious diseases found in a high age bracket, and the patients over age 60 accounted for 57.2% of the diseases. In the distribution by disease, bacterial pneumonia and chronic bronchitis accounted for greatest numbers of cases 32.1% and 31.4%, respectively, followed by bronchiectasis and bronchial asthma. As for frequencies of etiologic bacteria by disease, S. aureus (22.5%) and S. pneumoniae (15.4%) in pneumonia, S. pneumoniae (25.7%) and H. influenzae (24.1%) in chronic bronchitis, H. influenzae (32.5%) and P. aeruginosa (23.8%) in bronchiectasis, and H. influenzae (31.4%), S. pneumoniae and B. catarrhalis (20.0%) in bronchial asthma were the most frequent. Regarding effects of administration of antibiotics and isolates obtained on each day after infection, those bacteria which were isolated before antibiotic administration and which decreased after administration included S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and B. catarrhalis. Frequencies of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, however, increased after antibiotic administration. Also, when dosing continued for more than 15 days, the frequency of P. aeruginosa increased rapidly.
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PMID:[Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1988)]. 188 2

The complement system consists of both plasma and membrane proteins. The former influence the inflammatory response, immune modulation, and host defense. The latter are complement receptors, which mediate the cellular effects of complement activation, and regulatory proteins, which protect host cells from complement-mediated injury. Complement activation occurs via either the classical or the alternative pathway, which converge at the level of C3 and share a sequence of terminal components. Four aspects of the complement cascade are critical to its function and regulation: (i) activation of the classical pathway, (ii) activation of the alternative pathway, (iii) C3 convertase formation and C3 deposition, and (iv) membrane attack complex assembly and insertion. In general, mechanisms evolved by pathogenic microbes to resist the effects of complement are targeted to these four steps. Because individual complement proteins subserve unique functional activities and are activated in a sequential manner, complement deficiency states are associated with predictable defects in complement-dependent functions. These deficiency states can be grouped by which of the above four mechanisms they disrupt. They are distinguished by unique epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiologic features and are most prevalent in patients with certain rheumatologic and infectious diseases. Ethnic background and the incidence of infection are important cofactors determining this prevalence. Although complement undoubtedly plays a role in host defense against many microbial pathogens, it appears most important in protection against encapsulated bacteria, especially Neisseria meningitidis but also Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and, to a lesser extent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The availability of effective polysaccharide vaccines and antibiotics provides an immunologic and chemotherapeutic rationale for preventing and treating infection in patients with these deficiencies.
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PMID:Infectious diseases associated with complement deficiencies. 188 47


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