Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 522 children, aged 1 month to 6 years, who presented with convulsions and fever of acute onset at the Children's Emergency Room of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital over a 1-year period, were prospectively evaluated. Bacterial meningitis was diagnosed in 22 (4.2%) on bacteriological and/or biochemical evidence. The causative organisms were cultured from the CSF in 13 (Neisseria meningitidis = 7, Streptococcus pneumoniae = 5 and Haemophilus influenzae = 1) and identified by Gram stain only in three (Gram-positive diplococci = 2 and Gram-negative diplococci = 1). No organisms were identified in the CSF of six of the children with meningitis. The prevalence of meningitis declined sharply after 6 months of age. Six of the children with bacterial meningitis lacked classical meningeal signs but had other indications for lumbar puncture. The following were significantly associated with meningitis: age under 6 months; focal or multiple seizures; absence of a past or family history of seizures; unrousable coma; and an extracranial focus of infection. It is concluded that bacterial meningitis occurs in a good proportion of children, even beyond infancy, with convulsions associated with fever of acute onset, and that decision on the need for lumbar puncture should be guided by clinical features such as age and the presence of complex febrile seizures.
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PMID:Indications for lumbar puncture in children presenting with convulsions and fever of acute onset: experience in the Children's Emergency Room of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. 128 67

A 2.5-year retrospective study of pyogenic meningitis in hospitalized children in Kelantan was carried out with regard to aetiology, clinical features, investigation, treatment and outcome. There were 58 children with 43 cases (74.1%) occurring below the age of 1 year. Frequent presenting symptoms included fever (98.3%), fits (77.6%), anorexia (39.7%), vomiting (34.5%) and drowsiness (12.1%). On admission, 37 (63.7%) had neck stiffness, 10 (17.2%) had Kernig's sign and 32 (55.2%) had coma. CSF cultures were positive for Haemophilus influenzae in 29 (50%), Streptococcus pneumonia in 13 (22.4%) and Neisseria meningitidis in 3 (5.2%). The antibiotic sensitivity profiles showed that the three main organisms were 100% sensitive to Chloramphenicol, Streptococcus pneumoniae was 100% sensitive to penicillin, Neisseria meningitidis was 100% sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin, and Haemophilus influenzae was 90% sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin. The total hospital mortality was 18.9%. All but two of the eleven deaths occurred in children younger than 1 year. Nineteen of the 35 (54.3%) survivors attended for at least one follow-up after discharge from hospital. Of these 19 children, 47.4% had neurological sequelae.
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PMID:Pyogenic meningitis in hospitalized children in Kelantan, Malaysia. 169 51

The children were admitted over a 14-year period (1975-1988) from an admission area of average Danish population distribution. The incidence was 15.5/100,000 children per year. The area had endemics of meningococcal disease in the years 1983-1984. The etiology was meningococcal in 43%, Hemophilus influenzae in 33% and pneumococci in 9% of the patients. Regardless of etiology, the antibiotic schedule was ampicillin 400 mg/kg body weight/day. Resistance to ampicillin was not found in any of the bacterial cultures. Within two weeks before admission 59% of the children had experienced a febrile illness. The diagnosis of meningitis was missed before admission in 24% of the cases. On admission, 93% had typical clinical signs of meningitis. 87% were lethargic or comatose. 31% had convulsion and in 13% the peripheral circulation was compromised. Recrudescence was suspected in one patient. Sequelae were most commonly found in children with meningococcal meningitis and were persistent in 23% of all the children. Severe or less severe neurological handicaps were seen in 29% (psychomotor retardation, epilepsy, cerebral palsy and hearing loss). One patient with Waterhouse-Friederichsens syndrome died. Thus the overall mortality was 1.2%, which is low compared to treatment results reported by others.
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PMID:[Purulent meningitis in childhood. Treatment results in 87 children between 7 month and 15 years of age]. 200 Jun 65

A two year prospective study identified 1922 cases of meningitis in children under 1 year of age. A further 201 cases were identified from other sources. The annual incidence of meningitis during the first year of life was 1.6/1000; during the first 28 days of life it was 0.32/1000, and among postneonatal infants it was 1.22/1000. The male:female ratio was 1.4:1. The overall case fatality rate was 19.8% for neonates and 5.4% for postneonatal infants. Two thirds of deaths identified in the study, 50% of all deaths, were not attributed to meningitis by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Group B beta haemolytic streptococci (28%), Escherichia coli (18%), and Listeria monocytogenes (5%) were most frequently isolated from neonates and Neisseria meningitidis (31%), Haemophilus influenzae (30%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (10%) from postneonatal infants. At 2-6 months of age N meningitidis meningitis was most common, and at 7-12 months H influenzae predominated. Meningitis caused by group B beta haemolytic streptococci occurred up to 6 months of age and had a consistent mortality of 25%. Neonatal meningitis due to Gram negative enteric rods had a mortality of 32%. Low birth weight was a significant predisposing factor for both neonates and postneonatal infants. In both groups mortality was significantly higher among children admitted in coma. There was no seasonal variation in incidence in either group. Neonates were treated with either group. Neonates were treated with either chloramphenicol (50%) or gentamicin (48%) usually in combination with a penicillin; 40% received a third generation cephalosporin. Of the 1472 postneonatal infants treated 84% received chloramphenicol with a penicillin and 10% received a third generation cephalosporin. Relapse occurred in 49 patients and three died. Eighteen babies coned as a result of raised intracranial pressure, including four neonates, and four died. Mortality among the 133 (7%) children who received steroids was significantly higher than in the rest of the study group.
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PMID:Infantile meningitis in England and Wales: a two year study. 203 50

A total of 110 cases of bacterial meningitis were studied over a 7-year period. The attack rate was 3.2/100,000 overall and 13/100,000 in children under 12 years. Haemophilus influenzae was the most common pathogen (44.3%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (20.9%) and Neisseria meningitidis (12.7%). The mean patient age was 2.7 years, but 44/49 cases of H. influenzae meningitis were in children under 2 years, an attack rate of 31/100,000. The mortality was 22.4% for neonates and 6.5% for other children, and was associated with coma at presentation and unusual microorganisms. Neurological sequelae were detected in 19% of surviving children.
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PMID:Childhood bacterial meningitis in Kuwait. 230 35

Concurrent burst suppression and alpha pattern coma developed in the EEG of a 2-year-old child who suffered a cardiac arrest secondary to hypoxemia from Haemophilus influenza epiglottis. The neurophysiological implications of this association are discussed and the literature pertaining to the role of barbiturates in the production of post-anoxic coma with an alpha pattern and experimental post-resuscitative alpha frequencies is reviewed.
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PMID:Prognostic and neurophysiological implications of concurrent burst suppression and alpha patterns in the EEG of post-anoxic coma. 241 97

One hundred and eighty-seven children with identified bacterial meningitis were treated with intravenous cefotaxime: 15 patients were neonates, 79 infants, and 93 were aged from 1 to 14 years. Causative organisms were: Neisseria meningitidis in 80 cases, Streptococcus pneumoniae in 41, Haemophilus influenzae in 40, enteric gram-negative bacilli in 20 and Staphylococcus spp. in six. Enteric gram-negative bacilli included: Salmonella spp. in 14 cases, Klebsiella pneumoniae in two, and Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sakazakii and Acinobacter calcoaceticus in one each; in one case the organism was not specified. Daily dose of cefotaxime was 150 to 300 mg/kg. Concomitant treatment with an aminoglycoside was used in seven cases. One hundred and seventy-two patients (92.0%) were cured. Fever persisted for a mean of five days and meningeal signs for a mean of four days. Fifteen (8.0%) patients died: most [13] of them were admitted in coma, and two in shock. Death occurred in the first 48 h in ten cases. Sterilization of CSF was achieved in the first 72 h of treatment in 155 (90.1%) of the cured patients. Cefotaxime was well tolerated. CSF penetration of cefotaxime was evaluated in seven patients: concentrations ranged from 0.499 mg/l to 2.829 mg/l. Based on this clinical study, cefotaxime is an effective and safe drug for the treatment of childhood bacterial meningitis.
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PMID:Treatment of childhood bacterial meningitis. 268 53

Nine feedlot cattle showed clinical signs consistent with those expected in thromboembolic meningoencephalitis. These signs included pyrexia, ataxia, posterior paresis, paralysis and coma. Brown necrotic foci with haemorrhagic borders were observed in the brains of three animals that had died. In these foci vasculitis, thrombosis, infarction and neutrophil infiltration were observed during microscopical examination. Haemophilus somnus was isolated in pure culture from the brains.
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PMID:Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis diagnosed in Natal. 402 Aug 20

The relation of neuraminidase to morbidity and mortality was examined in patients with Haemophilus influenzae, meningococcal, and pneumococcal meningitis. Ten strains of H. influenzae and eight strains of meningococci from infected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) did not elaborate neuraminidase. Each of 27 strains of pneumococci from infected CSF elaborated both neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) aldolase. There was no correlation between amount of neuraminidase secreted in vitro and survival of patients. Values for free and total NANA concentrations were derived from admission CSF samples of 63 patients with meningitis; 18 patients infected with Neisseria meningitidis, 10 with H. influenzae and 35 with Diplococcus pneumoniae. Mean values for total NANA were elevated in each type of bacterial meningitis; however, abnormal concentrations of free CSF NANA were detected only in 17 patients with pneumococcal meningitis. 11 of 18 patients with pneumococcal meningitis showing normal free CSF NANA concentrations were cured, whereas only 4 patients with abnormal free NANA levels survived without residua. Both coma and bacteremia occurred significantly more often among patients with elevated concentrations of free CSF NANA. The association of elevated concentrations of free CSF NANA with coma and with an adverse prognosis suggested that neuraminidase may be a factor in the pathogenesis of penumococcal meningitis.
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PMID:Neuraminidase activity in bacterial meningitis. 439 34

One hundred and sixty cases of acute bacterial meningitis were treated with cefotaxime. Patients were between 9 days and 79 years old: 7 new borns, 37 infants, 43 children, 19 adolescents and 54 adults. Fifty-eight patients (36%) were in coma when admitted. Aetiology was determined in 110 patients (68.8%): Neisseria meningitidis in 42, Streptococcus pneumoniae in 36, Haemophilus influenzae in 16, Salmonella spp. in 7, Staphylococcus aureus in 2, Enterobacter spp. in 2 and Haemophilus parainfluenzae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae in one patient each. All isolates were sensitive to cefotaxime, with MIC's for 26 strains ranging from 0.01 to 0.50 mg/l. One hundred and fifty-six of the 160 patients were treated with cefotaxime alone and the four others with cefotaxime in association with an aminoglycoside in three and rifampicin in one. Cefotaxime was administered by intravenous infusion, in a daily dose 100 to 300 mg/kg. Duration of treatment ranged from 8 days to 6 weeks, with a mean of 15 days. One hundred and forty-nine patients (93.1%) were cured, two after a relapse. Three patients had sequelae. Most (88.5%) had sterile CSF within 72 h after starting treatment. Eleven patients (6.9%) died, eight within the first 48 h. The only side-effects observed were mild transient eosinophilia in some patients and rash and leukopenia in 2 each. The study demonstrates that cefotaxime is effective in the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis.
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PMID:Treatment of 160 cases of acute bacterial meningitis with cefotaxime. 609 40


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