Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

However it is assessed, pneumonia is more important in the elderly than in any other age group. For community acquired or nosocomial pneumonia elderly adults far exceed any other age group with 97% of all pneumonia deaths occurring in this age group. Increasingly pneumonia in the immunocompromised elderly is also being seen. The factors which determine the increased frequency of pneumonia in the elderly include social effects, immune changes and physiological changes in the lungs. These are compounded by the effects of the high frequency of chronic disease in this group. The clinical presentation of pneumonia is slightly different in the elderly and this, together with the presence of underlying disease, may make diagnosis difficult; however, focal signs in the chest are nearly always present. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most important cause of community acquired pneumonia in the elderly followed by Haemophilus influenzae and the influenza viruses. In contrast to younger adults Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is rarely identified. The role of Gram-negative enterobacteria is unclear, with some studies suggesting that this is the most frequent pathogen, others finding no cases at all. The pathogens causing nosocomial pneumonia are similar to those in younger adults. Management is more difficult because of the effects of underlying diseases, altered drug pharmacokinetics and drug interactions and the outcome is significantly worse with 25% of adults with community acquired pneumonia dying in recent prospective studies.
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PMID:Pneumonia in the elderly. 784 77

Community-acquired adult lower-respiratory-tract infections (LRTI) are generally thought to be caused by atypical and viral infections. We have studied 480 adults presenting to a single general practice with community-acquired LRTI between November, 1990, and December, 1991. The overall incidence was 44 cases per 1000 population per year; the incidence was 2-4 times higher in people aged 60 and over than in those aged less than 50. 206 patients were studied in detail; among this group 91 (44%) had 113 pathogens identified. There were 92 bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae in 62 and Haemophilus influenzae in 16), 19 viruses (influenza virus in 12), and only 2 atypical pathogens (Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Coxiella burnetii). Pneumococcal infection was common in people who were 60 or older, those who had underlying chronic disease, or people with both features. There was moderate morbidity in terms of time in bed, time to return to normal activities, and days off work. 25% of patients returned for a second consultation with the general practitioner, in most because of unsatisfactory clinical progress. Community-acquired LRTI are very common, and the range of causative pathogens is similar to that for community-acquired pneumonia. Existing management strategies seem inadequate.
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PMID:Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower-respiratory-tract infections in the community. 809 52

Four years after the report of its discovery, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to challenge swine producers, veterinary practitioners, and animal health researchers in the United States. The prevalence of infection is high--60% to 80% of herds is a reasonable estimate--but the clinical effects of infection vary widely among farms. In many herds, infection is unapparent and productivity seemingly unaffected. Some infected herds report occasional respiratory disease outbreaks in young pigs, or periodic outbreaks of reproductive disease, and a few herds experience severe, chronic disease problems, particularly in young pigs. In these herds, secondary infections with viral or bacterial pathogens, particularly Salmonella choleraesuis, Streptococcus suis, or Haemophilus parasuis typically occur concurrently with PRRSV infections. Understanding why some herds undergo devastating episodes of clinical disease and others show no apparent effects is central to solving the problem of clinical PRRS for swine producers. Understanding the ecology and epidemiology of PRRSV is the key to preventing and controlling PRRSV in the future. The objective of this article is to review recent developments in these areas.
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PMID:General overview of PRRSV: a perspective from the United States. 922 Jun 13

Lower respiratory tract infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality. The pattern of pneumonia is altering, owing to changes in a number of influencing factors. These include patient characteristics, such as an aging population, increased immunosuppression and chronic disease, and changes in medical practice. There is also an increasing level of resistance to antimicrobial agents by organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, the pathogens most commonly associated with community-acquired pneumonia. In the management of pneumonia, it is important to be able to differentiate between atypical and typical pneumonia in the clinical setting and to grade the severity of the infection. Currently, there are no internationally agreed treatment recommendations for pneumonia. The role of antimicrobial agents in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis is still a controversial issue.
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PMID:Empiric therapy in lower respiratory tract infection--an ongoing challenge. 924 75

The upper respiratory tract may become susceptible to bacterial infection as a result of health conditions such as allergies and viral infections, as well as the effects of smoking and airborne environmental pollutants. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common bacterial pathogens in upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Streptococcus pyogenes is the predominant bacterial pathogen in pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Bacterial pathogens adhere to mucous membranes and colonization ensues. In an otherwise healthy individual the host immune system responds to the invading bacteria resulting in edema and swelling. If antimicrobial treatment does not eradicate the invading organisms and successfully interrupt the progress of the infection, the patient may develop recurrent or chronic disease. S. pneumoniae and other pathogens once susceptible to penicillin and other antibiotics are now becoming resistant. Bacterial resistance has developed and disseminated because of the widespread use of antibiotics. Major mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in upper respiratory tract infections include enzymatic inhibition, membrane impermeability, alteration of target enzymes, active pumping out of antibiotic and alteration of the ribosomal target.
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PMID:Microbiology of bacterial respiratory infections. 972 51

Patients with aids are at increased risk of opportunistic and non opportunistic infections. It is now known that the incidence can be reduced by prophylactic measures and/or the use of vaccines. HIV infection produces an elevated frequency of severe pneumococcal disease with a rate of bacteriemia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae 150-300 fold greater than rates reported in non-HIV infected people. For this reason, pneumococcal vaccine should be administered as early as possible in the course of the infection. Besides, the antibody response may be significantly higher for asymptomatic persons. Acute hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus is milder than in non HIV infected patients but chronic disease is more frequent. The prognosis is worse and there is higher risk for infecting another persons. Hepatitis B vaccine is indicated for all the patients with HIV and negative serology for hepatitis B virus. Influenza vaccine is of limited effectiveness due to the high variability of the virus. Besides, influenza incidence is low among approximately young adults, HIV related immunodeficiency increased influenza risk only minimally, the vaccine is administered yearly and HIV-replication can increase in temporal association with vaccination. For all these reasons, fewer hospitalizations and deaths are prevented making it a far less cost-effective prevention strategy than pneumococcal vaccination. The risk of Haemophilus influenzae infections is elevated, but the vaccine is not routinely recommended because the more frequent serotype in HIV infected patients is b. For these subjects, passive immunization with immunoglobulin may also be necessary to provide protection. In conclusion, pneumococcal and hepatitis B vaccination is a reasonable prevention strategy for HIV infected patients at all stages of immunodeficiency. Influenza and H. influenzae vaccination are not recommended and alternative prevention strategies may be done.
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PMID:[Which are the vaccines that human immunodeficiency virus infected patients must receive?]. 978 Apr 28

Microbiological examination applied to 270 children with chronic inflammatory and relapsing respiratory tract diseases revealed that by the frequency of the etiologically significant organisms the main pathogens isolated from the bronchial secretion belonged to Haemophilus influenzae, then followed Streptococcus pneumoniae and the less frequent isolates belonged to Branhamella catarrhalis characterized by high susceptibility to the 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins, erythromycin and azithromycin. Mycological investigation of the oral mucus and sputum from the patients revealed high frequency of Candida, mainly C.albicans. The fungi were most frequent and abundant in the children with chronic pulmonary diseases and congenital immune deficiency and in the children with bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis, as well as in the children with exacerbation of the chronic disease, especially with bronchial obstruction. The antibacterial therapy with semisynthetic penicillins, cephalosporins and macrolides led to an increase in the number of the Candida carriers and in the biological material contamination level. The fungal contamination of the host was mainly observed after the use of the penicillins and cephalosporins. Chronic Candida carriers were detected among the patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the lungs. The diseases in such patients were particularly severe. There were also detected children with colonization resistance to Candida. In the latter cases the chronic process was more favourable. The data made it possible to recommend a more differential use of the antibacterial and antimycotic drugs in the treatment of children with chronic inflammatory diseases of the bronchopulmonary system.
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PMID:[Clinical significance of fungal and microbial associations and antibacterial therapy for treatment of chronic inflammatory respiratory tract diseases in children]. 979 82

Inflammation is essential to repair tissue damaged by physical, microbial or allergic mechanisms. Inappropriately zealous responses lead to destructive pathology or chronic disease cycles, whereas ideal outcomes are associated with complete and rapid restoration of tissue structure and function. The establishment of a rodent model investigating the different immune responses to non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae infection in both the lung and the ear indicate an ability to clear bacteria and reduce inflammation following mucosal immunisation. Lung histochemistry, upregulaion of macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, recruitment of gammadelta(+) and CD8(+) T cells, cytokine levels and depletion studies all support the hypothesis that mucosal immunisation facilitates control of the immune response resulting in enhanced bacterial clearance and programming of inflammation which limits damage and promotes the rapid restoration of structural normality.
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PMID:Programmed inflammatory processes induced by mucosal immunisation. 1125 87

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of selected pathogens in the tissues of a group of feedlot cattle with chronic disease (most often respiratory disease and/or arthritis). Samples of lung and joint tissues from 49 feedlot animals that had failed to respond to antibiotic therapy were tested by immunohistochemical staining for the antigens of Mycoplasma bovis, Haemophilus somnus, Pasteurella (Mannheimia) hemolytica, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Mycoplasma bovis was demonstrated in over 80% of cases, including in 45% of joints and 71% of lungs tested. Mycoplasma bovis was the only bacterial pathogen identified in the joints. Haemophilus somnus and Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica were found in 14% and 23% of cases, respectively, and were confined to the lungs in all instances. Infection with BVDV was demonstrated in over 40% of cases. Mycoplasma bovis and BVDV were the most common pathogens persisting in the tissues of these animals that had failed to respond to antibiotic therapy.
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PMID:The immunohistochemical detection of Mycoplasma bovis and bovine viral diarrhea virus in tissues of feedlot cattle with chronic, unresponsive respiratory disease and/or arthritis. 1170 3

FROM ASPLENIA TO SEVERE INFECTION: The most serious consequence of asplenia due to absence of the spleen, its resection or its functional failure is the risk of severe infection. RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE SEPTICEMIA: It is estimated that the risk of death due to septicemia is 200 times higher in splectomized patients than in patients with a spleen. Death occurs within several days or even hours in most of the patients due to overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI). The bacteria causing OPSI are predominantly pneumococci (50-80% of identified infections) as well as meningococci, Haemophilus sp, and other capsulated bacteria. IMPORTANCE OF AGE: The risk of infection is even greater if asplenia began early in life, either because of rapidly progressive congenital hemotological disease or splenectomy during infancy or early childhood. According to Holdsworth, infectious morbidity in subjects splenectomized before the age of 16 years is 4.4%, mortality reaches 2.2%. In adults, morbidity is 0.9% and mortality 0.8%. PREVENTION OF RECURRENCE: Furthermore, in an asplenic subject or in a patient with a chronic disease threatening the spleen, the development of infectious episodes is an expression of evolving immunodepression, calling for preventive measures against recurrence. Anti-pneumococcal vaccination and antibiotic prophylaxis using penicillin V considerably reduces the incidence of pneumococcal infection in splenectomized subjects.
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PMID:[Asplenia and hyposplenism]. 1463 37


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