Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the 1970s and the early 1980s, immunization practices in the United States were unchanged. Immunization against pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, and polio were routinely administered to children. Infections with these organisms declined dramatically. Nonetheless, research was vigorous, culminating in the 1980s in new vaccines and changes in immunization strategies and practices. This presentation will focus on these changes: universal hepatitis B immunization; two-dose schedule for the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine, Hemophilus influenza type B vaccine for infants, acellular pertussis vaccine as booster immunizations, the inactivated polio vaccine, and the yet-to-be-licensed live varicella vaccine.
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PMID:Immunization update. 149 Jun 20

New vaccine developments will reflect achievements of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), as well as resistance from the public toward increasing numbers of vaccines. WHO's EPI program has concentrated on tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, and measles. 35 countries are attempting to control hepatitis B with universal vaccination. Now some countries are also recommending vaccination against Haemophilus influenza, mumps, and rubella. The complexity of multiple injections has prompted new research on acellular vaccines for pertussis, hepatitis A and B, varicella, and malaria. Combined vaccines and new adjuvants are also targets of intense research. Vaccines are a priority, because they are among the most cost-effective of medical interventions.
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PMID:New developments in vaccinology. 163 65

Pediatric immunization schedules have become more complex, especially with the approval of two new vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b and changes in recommendations for measles vaccine. In addition, vaccines for other infections (eg, rotavirus, varicella, and respiratory syncytial virus) are in development and likely will become available in the future. These recent advances raise hope that the list of diseases eradicated through vaccination will be expanded.
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PMID:Current status of pediatric vaccines. 183 27

Contrary to the regular immunization schedule for children, the majority of immunization are done in adulthood in case of special risks only, such as old age, chronic illness or exposure. The protection against a variety of communicable diseases has to be monitored and if necessary to be boosted regularly. Based on the routine vaccination scheme 1991 of the Federal Department of Public Health, the following vaccinations which are commercially available in Switzerland are discussed in this review: diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B, influenza, measles + mumps + rubella, meningococci, pertussis, pneumococci, poliomyelitis, tetanus, rabies, tuberculosis, varicella and tick encephalitis. Furthermore, the current recommendations are given for the prophylactic and therapeutic use of immunoglobuline preparations.
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PMID:[Active and passive immunization: 1991 status]. 185 65

Immunization practice in 32 countries in Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia is reviewed. in most countries, immunization practices are set by the federal government which sometimes works with the private sector. Almost all countries routinely immunize against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, and measles. About half try to prevent rubella, several try to prevent mumps, usually in combination with measles and rubella (MMR). More than half use bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BGG) vaccine to prevent tuberculosis, and a few give Hemophilus Influenza type B polysaccharide. Poliomyelitis vaccine comes in 2 forms: 1) oral live attenuated (OPV) or injectable inactivated (IPV). OPV is more used, but there is a new "enhanced potency IPV." All countries except Japan give DPT in 3 doses during the 1st year of life. OPV is usually given at the same time that DPT is. Measles vaccine or MMR is usually given between 12 and 18 months of age. Primary vaccine failure occurs in 2-5% of people who get measles vaccine, but this may be enough to "sustain transmission." In most countries, the government provides for immunizing children. An exception in the US. In the UK, low coverage has taken place because of concern for adverse reactions (whooping cough) or lack of appreciation of the disease's impact (measles). Coverage against both measles and pertussis has improved in the UK lately. In each developed country, vaccines have had "spectacular" effects. However, there are too many contraindications and there is "undue fear of adverse events." Also, there are surveillance deficiencies, a lack of coordination, and countries vary in their commitment to "reduction/elimination targets." Varicella vaccine, respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, and rotavirus vaccine are being considered for universal use. Attempts are being made to improve the safety of some vaccine.
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PMID:Immunisation practice in developed countries. 196 69

The resurgence of measles has highlighted concerns about U.S. programs for immunization in infants and children. In order to put the problems into perspective, this review will address such issues as the safety of pertussis vaccines; oral vs inactivated poliovirus vaccine; vaccines for measles-mumps-rubella, Hemophilus influenzae type B, and hepatitis B; and varicella vaccine.
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PMID:Immunization practices in children. 211 22

The bacteriology of the isolates from the sputum or the throat swab of patients with respiratory infections visiting a doctor in private practice in Sendai city during the period from March in 1988 to February in 1989 was documented, and their sensitivity to 45 antimicrobial agents was determined. Of the 568 patients, 514 cases had acute pharyngitis, 8 cases each had acute tonsillitis and acute bronchitis, 7 cases were acute pneumonia, 6 cases had herpangina, 18 cases had hand-foot-mouth disease with the signs of respiratory infections, 5 cases had varicella with the signs of respiratory infections and 2 cases were mumps with the signs of respiratory infections. Three hundred strains of potential (greater than or equal to 10(7) CFU/ml) pathogens were recovered from 293 of the 568 cases, which consisted of 124 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 58 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 45 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 26 strains of Branhamella catarrhalis, 25 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, 9 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 13 strains of other species, not including non-fermentile gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Staphylococcus aureus and other strains were documented simultaneously in 6 out of 7 cases in which multi-organisms were recovered. Many strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from young patients throughout the year. On the other hand many strains of Branhamella catarrhalis were isolated from elderly patients in winter. The sensitivity of 45 antimicrobial agents of 231 of 300 strains was determined by sensitivity disks (EIKEN, Japan). No strain of the Haemophilus influenzae in this study was resistant to ampicillin. None of the Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes was resistant to ampicillin or cefazolin. None of the Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to cloxacillin, cefazolin, gentamicin or ofloxacin. We conclude from the above results that antibiotic-resistant strains are found presumably only in a very few cases in primary care clinic.
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PMID:[Studies on respiratory infections in primary care clinic (II). Distribution and antibiotic sensitivity to 45 agents of bacteria isolated from patients with respiratory infections visiting a doctor in private practice]. 233 51

The authors describe 2 new vaccines now available in France: one is the GenHevac, an hepatitis B vaccine, the first virus recombinant vaccine; the other one is the Typhim Vi, a polysaccharide typhoid vaccine. Three other vaccines are currently used in foreign countries and will be soon available: the Hemophilus influenzae vaccine, the acellular pertussis vaccine and the varicella vaccine. Rotavirus and Cytomegalovirus vaccines are studied for their clinical efficacy.
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PMID:[Present status of vaccines in 1989]. 256 Jan 59

Preventive technologies have had major impacts on disease incidence, mortality and costs. New preventive technologies are likely to further improve the public health in a cost-effective manner and require careful assessment to ensure their appropriate use. As in the appraisal of curative and diagnostic health technologies, a full evaluation of preventive technologies requires study of the epidemiologic, economic, ethical, social and legal issues related to their use. The appraisal of three new vaccines--for Hemophilus influenzae Type B, hepatitis B virus and varicella zoster--provides an illustration of the assessment of new preventive technologies.
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PMID:Assessment of new vaccines in immunization programs. 294 94

An imprint electroimmunofixation method (IEIF) was used to characterize antibodies to eight viral antigens (measles, mumps, rubella, herpes simplex type 1, varicella-zoster, vaccinia, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus) and four bacterial antigens (beta-hemolytic streptococcus, Hemophilus influenzae type B, Escherichia coli, enterococcus) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 12 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Twelve patients matched for age and sex sex served as controls. Evidence for intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal antibodies to one or more antigens was found in all 12 MS patients and in 1 of the controls. In the MS group, antibodies to viruses with neurotropic properties were more frequently associated with local synthesis than antibodies to other viruses and bacteria. The types and number of locally synthesized antibodies showed no correlation with disease duration and severity. The antibodies were not associated with oligoclonal CSF IgG and appear to account for only a minor fraction of the locally synthesized CSF IgG in MS.
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PMID:Viral and bacterial antibody responses in multiple sclerosis. 625 33


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