Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 2-phase study was conducted to evaluate the ability of the NEB-1 strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to potentiate common bacterial pathogens of swine. In phase I, 25 of 50 4-5-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were exposed to NEB-1 PRRSV (day 0). Seven days after virus inoculation, 8 groups received 1 of 4 bacterial pathogens: Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis, Salmonella cholerasuis, and Pasteurella multocida. The ability of NEB-1 PRRSV to produce clinical disease, viremia, neutralizing antibody, gross and microscopic lesions and to potentiate bacterial pathogens was assessed. Response to NEB-1 PRRSV was similar among inoculated pigs; prolonged hyperthermia, lethargy, mild to moderate dyspnea, and cutaneous erythema were consistent clinical signs. No clinical differences were observed in groups after bacterial challenge. Virus was isolated from serum at weekly intervals through the end of the study, and all PRRSV-inoculated pigs had seroconverted by study termination. Two of 5 pigs died in non-PRRSV-inoculated groups challenged with H. parasuis and Streptococcus suis. Mortality in PRRSV-infected pigs was limited to 1 of 5 pigs from the Salmonella cholerasuis-challenged group. Gross lesions were seen in pigs dying after inoculation in H. parasuis- and Streptococcus suis-inoculated groups, in Salmonella cholerasuis- and P. multocida-challenged pigs, and in 1 non-PRRSV-inoculated control pig. Microscopic lesions consisted of mild to moderate proliferative interstitial pneumonia, nonsuppurative myocarditis, lymphoid hyperplasia, and nonsuppurative encephalitis in PRRSV-inoculated pigs. Findings in phase I indicated that NEB-1 PRRSV does not potentiate bacterial disease while inducing consistent clinical signs, viremia, seroconversion, and microscopic lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: NEB-1 PRRSV infection did not potentiate bacterial pathogens. 757 44

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a major cause of serious bacterial infection in early childhood. In many developed countries it is the commonest cause of bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years of age. Serum antibodies to the polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule, the main virulence factor of Hib, are protective, but the early vaccines containing purified PRP were poorly immunogenic in young children. However, 'second generation' protein conjugate vaccines have been shown to be immunogenic, effective and safe in young children. No serious adverse reactions to Hib vaccine have been reported to date. Clinically, the vaccine is indicated in the first few months of life and can be given at the same time as a primary course of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) immunisation. The vaccine should be given by deep subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The only specific contraindication is a history of severe local reaction or a general reaction to previous Hib vaccination. Routine immunisation of infants under 6 months of age against Hib has become part of the regular primary schedule in many countries. In Finland this has resulted in a dramatic decline in Hib meningitis.
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PMID:Rational use of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. 769 29

The effects of roxithromycin (RXM), an antibiotic of the macrolide family, on respiratory bacterial infection in mice were examined. BALB/c mice were administered with RXM orally at a dose of 5.0 or 2.5 mg/kg once per day for 14 days. On day 2 after the final drug administration, the mice were nasally infected with Haemophilus influenzae. RXM dose dependently inhibited the pathological changes in lung tissues induced by H. influenzae infection. RXM also enhanced 2',5'-oligoadenilate synthetase production in response to infection.
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PMID:Effect of roxithromycin on respiratory bacterial infection in mice. 770 54

The treatment of acute otitis media (AOM) has three main aims: to relieve pain, to control fever and in case of suppurative AOM, to overcome the bacterial infection. The two former aims are best managed with salicylates or paracetamol. The local instillation of drops of an anaesthetic-antiseptic solution in the external canal is a useful adjuvant in painful congestive viral otitis. Antibiotherapy is only indicated in suppurative AOM. The most common organisms being Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, amoxicillin is the first line treatment. However, in children who were treated for suppurative AOM in the previous months, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or a second generation cephalosporin is preferable. Erythromycin-sulfonamide may also be used, particularly in children who are allergic to beta-lactamines. In case of failure of the first choice antibiotic treatment, it is necessary to perform a bacteriological study of the effusion which will determine the appropriate antibiotic to be used in second hand. The duration of the antibiotic treatment must be of 8 days in the absence of spontaneous perforation, and of 10 days in case of perforation. An examination of the tympanum at 10 days is recommended in infants under 6 months of age and in children with repeated AOM. A myringostomy is only indicated when a bacteriological evaluation is needed, mainly in infants under 6 months of age, in immuno-compromised children, and in case of failure of a first line antibiotic treatment.
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PMID:[Treatment of acute otitis media]. 773 33

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection is a major cause of severe bacterial infection in young children in South Africa and world-wide. These diseases can be prevented by immunisation with conjugate Hib vaccines. In South Africa, unlike some developed countries, Hib vaccines are not part of the routine immunisation schedule. The objective of this study was to measure the expected net benefits from a hypothetical programme of vaccination of the 1992 Cape Town birth cohort (N = 46,537). Costs were calculated by summing the estimated direct medical care costs together with the indirect costs of Hib disease. The latter were calculated by valuing human life using alternative, and conservative human capital and willingness-to-pay measures. The difference between Hib disease costs (i.e. the benefits which would be gained from a successful vaccination programme) and the costs of the vaccination programme itself (HibTITER, Praxis Biologicals) defined the expected net benefits. In the absence of an immunisation programme, the estimated economic costs of Hib disease in the 1992 Cape Town cohort ranged from R10.7 million to R11.8 million. The costs of introducing the vaccine would have amounted to R8.3 million. Had the vaccine been administered to the 1992 birth cohort, benefits would have exceeded costs by between R2.4 million and R3.5 million.
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PMID:The costs and benefits of a vaccination programme for Haemophilus influenzae type B disease. 778 9

Children with HIV infection have an unusual susceptibility to bacterial infection, related to several immune abnormalities. Selection of initial antibiotic therapy must be individualized in these children. Patients with community-acquired disease are most likely to have infection by polysaccharide-encapsulated bacterial organism, most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae and less frequently by Haemophilus influenzae type b. If it is possible to treat the patients at home, the use of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid might be appropriate. Other authors propose management with parenteral ceftriaxone because of the better compliance and the malabsorption. In hospitalized patients, concern for Gram-negative enteric pathogens other than polysaccharide-encapsulated organisms requires initial therapy with a third-generation cephalosporine in combination with an aminoglycoside. Trimethoprim-sulfamethizole is the most common drug used in HIV-infected children because it is recommended for the initial therapy and for prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which occurs in as many as 42% of these children.
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PMID:The use of antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of infection in HIV-infected children. 783 66

Chronic bronchitis is a common inflammatory disease of the airways characterised by cough, sputum production and associated features such as dyspnoea and respiratory obstruction. It has a poor prognosis once fully developed and imposes a heavy financial burden on affected societies. Chronic bronchitis is subject to periodic exacerbations in which the role of bacterial infection and the rightful place of antibiotic therapy is only slowly emerging, largely due to the non-homogeneity of the populations under study. Haemophilus influenzae is implicated as the pathogen in more than half of all bacterial exacerbations, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis accounting for a further third. Viruses and mycoplasmas are also involved. Some 18-25% of patients receiving domiciliary therapy may fail to respond to initial treatment, calling into question the efficacy of antibiotics in acute exacerbations. In part this may relate to sub-optimal respiratory pharmacokinetics as most antibiotics are quite effective against sensitive respiratory pathogens in vitro. However, bacterial resistance rates against traditional agents are rising rapidly in Europe and new agents are needed to counter this threat. Paradoxically few such agents have been shown to improve on the results of amoxycillin and other standard drugs, probably because most trials include patients with exacerbations of only mild-to-moderate severity due to sensitive pathogens. Since recent large scale studies have demonstrated the efficacy of antibiotic therapy compared with placebo in defined exacerbations, use of these definitions has allowed more realistic assessment of new agents which, in terms of improved antibacterial potency and respiratory pharmacokinetics, should offer superior efficacy. Regression analysis of a large scale general practice survey in the UK has now shown the frequency of exacerbations and the presence of co-morbid conditions to correlate significantly with a poor therapeutic outcome and thus, by implication, with severity. Future trials of antibacterial chemotherapy for acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis should incorporate such criteria so that real differences between existing and improved compounds can be assessed.
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PMID:Chemotherapy for chronic bronchitis. Controversies. 789 59

Over the years, there has emerged a considerable body of evidence supporting the importance of antimicrobial therapy in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The following lines of evidence suggest that most acute exacerbations are caused by bacterial infection: (1) the individual with chronic bronchitis is susceptible to bacterial infection as a consequence of local damage from prolonged cigarette smoking; (2) subtle defects in the local immune system can be shown, including impaired particle transport, defective immunoglobulin A production, chronic mucous impaction, and defective neutrophil phagocytosis; (3) acute bronchitic exacerbations are associated with a proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the lower respiratory tract, based on quantitative culture data obtained by bronchoscopy with a protected specimen brush; (4) viral respiratory infections, which were once linked to over 50% of purulent exacerbations, probably account for only a minority of bronchitic exacerbations; (5) some "culture negative" exacerbations may be caused by bacteria susceptible to antibiotics such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae. There are also secondary effects of bacteria that are potentially amenable to antibiotic therapy. Bacteria that colonize the respiratory tract of chronic bronchitics cause direct damage to the respiratory epithelium. Lipooligosaccharide, a major component of the outer membrane of Haemophilus influenzae, is an endotoxin-like mediator of respiratory cell damage. The host inflammatory response to bacterial proliferation is ineffective and may be potentially harmful; the enzyme neutrophil elastase is released by the host during phagocytosis of bacteria and may lead to progressive airway damage. In addition, bacterial superinfections may complicate viral exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Clinical trials examining the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in mild to moderate exacerbations of chronic bronchitis have yielded conflicting results, caused in part to fundamental differences in study design. The major double-blinded and placebo-controlled studies suggest a trend in favor of antimicrobial therapy, although the effect is modest. For the individual patient, the risks of antimicrobial therapy are small compared with the potential benefits of returning to work earlier and avoiding the rare case of respiratory decompensation.
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PMID:Pro: antibiotics for chronic bronchitis with exacerbations. 793 21

Viruses are thought to facilitate bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study analyzed the effect of adenovirus on bacterial adherence to human respiratory tract epithelial cells. The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 was infected with adenovirus of types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9. At a multiplicity of infection of 75 particles per cell, cytopathic effects occurred in 75 to 100% of the cells within 48 h. The virus-infected cells were harvested at various times after infection and analyzed for the ability to bind strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Adenovirus (types 1, 2, 3, and 5) commonly causing respiratory tract infections increased the binding of adherent S. pneumoniae strains to the cells. This effect was not seen for other adenovirus types. Adenovirus infection did not change the adherence of cells of poorly adhering strains of S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae. The increase in adherence of S. pneumoniae could be inhibited by the DNA synthesis inhibitor cytosine arabinofuranoside, which is known to block the late phase of the adenovirus infection. When electron microscopy was used, there was no evidence that virus particles bound directly to bacteria. Adherence was not affected by pretreatment of the cells with virus particles or viral proteins. This suggested that adenovirus infection upregulated receptors for S. pneumoniae. The increased attachment may be one mechanism by which viruses precondition the respiratory mucosa for bacterial infection.
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PMID:Adenovirus infection enhances in vitro adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. 800 61

Fever is one of the most frequent signs seen in children at consultation. In infants under the age of 3 months, fever is nonspecific and is often the only sign of a potentially severe infection. It has been estimated that two-thirds of the children hospitalized have a viral infection and 10% a bacterial infection with risks of complications including meningitis. It must be recalled that 5% of the infants with septicaemia due to Haemophilus influenzae b who does not receive an appropriate treatment will develop meningitis or another focal infection. There is agreement on the definition of potentially severe infections: meningitis, osteoarthritis, cellulitis or cellulodermitis, urinary infection, lung infection and gastroenteritis. Certain authors also include inner ear infections. In suspected cases, the need for hospitalization can be based on signs of impaired consciousness and/or muscle tone, abnormal heart rate, blood pressure or recoloration time, paleness, cyanosis, respiratory distress, signs of dehydration, or abnormal behaviour. In order to identify infants at low risk, in addition to the physical examination, the clinician can rely on essential laboratory tests: white cell count with differential count, blood culture, C-reactive protein and/or sedimentation rate with fibrinogen and an urinanalysis. A chest X-ray is required in case of respiratory signs and a culture of the fecal matter is needed in case of diarrhoea. On the basis of these findings and the clinical picture, if the criteria of low risk of bacterial infection are fulfilled in an infant under 3 months of age with fever, most authors agree that a spinal tap must nevertheless be performed. When these tests lead to the conclusion of low risk, close surveillance at home is appropriate. If the clinical picture worsens within 24h hospitalization is required.
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PMID:[Fever in infants under the age of three months without sign of focal infection. Criteria of therapeutic decision]. 807 34


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