Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The presence of concomitant viral or bacterial infection was evaluated in 20 patients hospitalized for adenovirus infection of the middle or lower airways by using new serological methods for detection of both antigens and antibodies. Adenovirus infection was identified by measurement of antibodies with complement fixation test or by direct detection of viral antigen in nasopharyngeal aspirates. Mixed infection was present in 11 (55%) of the 20 patients. Viral coinfection was demonstrated in five (25%) and bacterial in nine (45%) patients. Bacterial coinfection was common, 67%, in children with an infection focus, pneumonia or acute otitis media, but rare, 13%, in those without it. Seroconversion to nontypable Haemophilus influenzae was indicated in six children; four of them were infants, four had pneumonia and three acute otitis media. Pneumococcal infection was indicated in two patients with pneumonia, both aged over two years. Chlamydia trachomatis was involved in one case. The results indicate that bacterial coinfection is common in respiratory adenovirus infection affecting lower airways, especially if pneumonia is present.
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PMID:Mixed infection is common in children with respiratory adenovirus infection. 164 44

Haemophilus influenzae type b is a common cause of systemic bacterial disease in children, and the serotype b capsule is a major determinant of virulence. Nevertheless, as a consequence of the genetic configuration of the capb locus, type b strains become capsule deficient at a high frequency. To investigate the potential biological relevance of the predisposition to capsule loss, we compared the adherent and invasive abilities of several strains of H. influenzae type b and their isogenic capsule-deficient mutants by using cultured human epithelial cells. In all cases the capsule-deficient mutant demonstrated significantly greater adherence and invasion than the encapsulated parent. Transformation of one capsule-deficient mutant to restore encapsulation resulted in a marked decrease in adherence and invasion. All strains were capable of adherence and invasion by a pilus-independent mechanism. We conclude that capsule loss by H. influenzae type b results in enhanced in vitro adherence and invasion, properties that may be relevant to colonization of the nasopharynx and persistence within the respiratory tract. These observations suggest an explanation for the evolution of the capb locus as directly repeated segments of DNA with a consequent predisposition to recombination resulting in capsule loss.
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PMID:Loss of capsule expression by Haemophilus influenzae type b results in enhanced adherence to and invasion of human cells. 167 2

The major clinical problem in considering a diagnosis of sinusitis is differentiating uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection from a secondary bacterial infection of the paranasal sinuses that may benefit from antimicrobial therapy. A diagnosis of sinusitis is suggested by presentation with protracted upper respiratory tract symptoms or a cold that is more severe than usual with fever and purulent nasal discharge. Confirmatory tests of sinus disease are transillumination (useful in adolescents if interpretation is confined to the extremes--normal or absent); radiographic findings of opacification, mucous membrane thickening, or an air-fluid level; and sinus aspiration (indicated for severe pain, clinical failures, or complicated disease). When clinical signs and symptoms are accompanied by abnormal radiographic findings, bacteria in high colony count are recovered from the maxillary sinus aspirate in 70% of patients. The common bacterial species recovered from children with acute maxillary sinusitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, and Hemophilus influenzae.
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PMID:Sinusitis in infants and children. 172 98

It was the aim of this study to examine the influence of bacterial or viral infections of the airways on the ciliary beat rate in childhood. In 21 children with bacterial bronchopulmonary infections a mean ciliary beat rate of 9.1 +/- 2.4. Hz was found that did not differ significantly from that of the group of the healthy subjects (9.9 +/- 1 Hz). In 7 of the 21 patients we could identify an infection of the respiratory tract with Haemophilus influenzae; in those children there was a marked reduction of the mean ciliary beat rate at 8 Hz. 13 children with viral bronchopulmonary infections had a mean ciliary beat rate of 11.8 +/- 1.8 Hz, which is significantly enhanced when compared with that of the healthy group. Compared with the mean ciliary beat rate of bacterial infections of the respiratory tract there is a significant difference. In viral infections of the airways no value below 9 Hz was found. In case of markedly reduced ciliary beat rate a bacterial infection must be assumed.
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PMID:[Ciliary function in bronchopulmonary infections in childhood]. 176 52

Effective treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (ABE) reduces the number of such exacerbations in such patients and may decrease or eliminate background symptoms and improve pulmonary function. The pathologic and physiologic abnormalities of the bronchial system in chronic bronchitis that predispose to bacterial infection probably include impaired mucociliary clearance, obstructed bronchioles, and bacterial infections of the bronchial epithelium. Exacerbations of bronchopulmonary symptoms are usually observed with ABE, although these symptoms are not unique to ABE. While culture and sensitivity testing is not usually required, microscopic examination of sputum is critical to determine the presence of bacterial infection. Bacteria in numbers significantly above the levels present when the patient's condition is stable and at least a doubling of the sputum neutrophil inflammatory level are essential criteria. Bacterial species observed with ABE include Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Neisseria species, with a lesser incidence of Klebsiella and Pseudomonas species. One or more elements of background therapy for ABE should accompany antimicrobial therapy, for example, physiotherapy, bronchodilators, and so forth. Ampicillin is effective, safe, economical, and thus remains the drug of choice for ABE. Quinolones are an effective alternative when ampicillin cannot be tolerated or if organisms are resistant. Dosing is at the upper range of recommendations, and the chosen drug should be given for a 10-14-day regimen. Patients should be reevaluated if symptoms and physical findings do not return to baseline after 5-7 days.
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PMID:Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: state of the art. 176 8

Ninety infants less than 1 year of age with pneumonia and 43 control infants were investigated for viral and chlamydial infection with the use of culture and serology and for bacterial infection with the use of blood cultures, lung aspirates, antibody assays and antigen detection procedures. One or more potential pathogens were identified in 62 (69%) cases with pneumonia and in 12 (28%) controls. Infection by respiratory viruses was identified in 42 (49%) cases and in 8 (19%) controls. Respiratory syncytial virus was the commonest pathogen identified and was found in 32 cases (37%). Bacterial infections were also common, being found in 27 (30%) cases and 3 (7%) controls, and predominantly involved Streptococcus pneumoniae (20%) or Haemophilus influenzae (11%). Bacterial infections were associated with raised white blood cell counts and were identified more often by antigen detection procedures (68%) than by culture of blood or lung aspirates (34%) or by serology (33%). Mixed viral-bacterial infections were identified in 13 cases (15%). Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis was diagnosed in 2 infants with acute lower respiratory tract infection and in 1 control infant.
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PMID:Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Gambian children: I. Acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants presenting at the hospital. 184 64

The clinical manifestations of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion are the result of abnormal eustachian tube function most often caused by inflammation from infection or allergy. The majority of cases involve bacterial infection of the middle ear caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Branhamella catarrhalis. Nearly half of all children will have had at least one episode of acute otitis media by 1 year of age, and over 70% by 3 years of age. The signs and symptoms include pain with rubbing or tugging at the ear, fever, irritability, lethargy, and hearing loss. The primary therapy for acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion is antibiotics with the goal of preventing possible complications and providing symptomatic relief. Amoxicillin remains the initial drug of choice in communities where beta-lactamase-producing strains of the common middle ear pathogens are infrequently isolated. If resistant organisms are prevalent, cefaclor, amoxicillin-clavulanate, or cotrimoxazole should be selected. Adjuvant agents such as decongestants have not been shown to provide additional therapeutic benefit. Children who develop chronic otitis media may require prophylactic antibiotic therapy and insertion of typanostomy tubes.
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PMID:Pharmacotherapy of otitis media. 186 12

Haemophilus influenzae is one of the leading causes of severe bacterial infection in children of developing regions, causing 30% of the cases of culture-positive pneumonia and 20%-60% of the cases of bacterial meningitis. In infants and children, the majority of isolates from cerebrospinal fluid and blood and 16%-38% of pulmonary isolates are H. influenzae type b. The availability of several new polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines for the prevention of invasive disease due to H. influenzae type b prompts this review of the epidemiology of H. influenzae disease in the developing world and of the characteristics of current H. influenzae type b vaccines. To develop a strategy for use of H. influenzae type b vaccines in developing countries, the following data are needed: the age-specific attack rates of H. influenzae type b disease and the immunogenicity and efficacy of these vaccines in young infants in developing countries. Should H. influenzae type b vaccines prove to be inadequate for the prevention of H. influenzae pneumonia, the use of non-type b H. influenzae vaccines may be necessary.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae disease and immunization in developing countries. 186 84

Lomefloxacin has marked activity against Gram-negative bacilli including Enterobacteriaceae, non-fermenting strains and Haemophilus influenzae with 98% of all isolates tested having MICs of 0.25 mg/l or less. Sixty-eight per cent of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were sensitive to 1 mg/l with a few strains resistant to 8 or 16 mg/l. Gram-positive cocci were more resistant, particularly streptococci, where the MICs vary between 1 and 8 mg/l. Bactericidal activity was similar to inhibitory activity and the effect of increasing serum concentrations and bacterial inocula was minimal. The MIC and MBC were increased in the presence of urine, particularly at an acid pH 5. Comparative MICs showed that lomefloxacin was more active than ofloxacin and pefloxacin, similar to norfloxacin but less active than ciprofloxacin for Gram-negative bacteria but not for Gram-positive cocci. Comparative studies with sensitivity disc concentrations showed that a 5 micrograms disc was more satisfactory than the 10 micrograms disc as the zone sizes were more suitable for routine testing. Solutions of lomefloxacin showed instability in bright sunlight when 52% of activity was lost in 1 h. Similar instability was shown in impregnated discs which lost up to 40% activity in 6 h exposure. Lomefloxacin showed a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria including multiresistant strains and Pseudomonas spp. Gram-positive bacteria were less susceptible, with streptococci more resistant than staphylococci. Lomefloxacin is well absorbed after oral administration giving high blood and urine concentrations and its prolonged half-life means once daily dosing in the treatment of many types of bacterial infection may be possible.
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PMID:Antibacterial activity of lomefloxacin. 188 17

Serological evidence of bacterial infection was prospectively studied in less than 6 years old patients during 188 acute episodes of expiratory difficulty requiring hospital treatment. Such evidence indicated by antibody or antigen assays was found in 40 patients (21%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified in 25 cases; antigenemia was found in 10, antigenuria in 2 and seroconversion in 14 cases. Seroconversion to nontypable Haemophilus influenzae was found in 9 and to Branhamella catarrhalis in 2 cases. Seroconversion to Chlamydia spp. was demonstrated in 8 patients, but specific tests for C. trachomatis were negative. C-reactive protein was over 40 mg/L in 35 patients (19%); serological evidence of bacterial infection was present in 14 and absent in 21 of them. Thus, either serological evidence of bacterial infection or an elevated C-reactive protein was found in 61 of the 188 cases (32%). We conclude that bacterial infection is commonly associated with acute wheezing in children under school age. We suggest that bacterial, as well as viral, infections may trigger an acute obstructive attack in children with reactive airways.
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PMID:Bacterial infection in under school age children with expiratory difficulty. 189 33


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