Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The results of 6,951 blood cultures taken from hospitalized children are reviewed. One or more organisms grew from 6% (399) of the cultures, of which 189 (two thirds) were considered to represent confirmed bacteremia. The most common organisms associated with bacteremia were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Patients with deficient host defenses (newborns, oncology patients) with bacteremia had a higher mortality than normal children. Laboratory techniques allowing more rapid detection of positive blood cultures resulted in major alterations in therapy in almost one half of all bacteremic patients.
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PMID:Bacteremia in hospitalized children. 1 5

To determine optimal clinical laboratory techniques for detecting pediatric bacteremia, we studied 7,768 consecutive blood cultures in a 1-year period. Blood was inoculated into one vented 50-ml bottle of brucella broth with 0.05% sodium polyanetholsulfonate and one unvented 50-ml bottle of Columbia broth with 0.05% sodium polyanetholsulfonate and 0.05% cysteine. Bottles were visually examined for growth on days 1 through 7 and blindly subcultured aerobically and anaerobically on days 1, 2, and 7. There were 724 (9.3%) positive cultures, and 484 (6.2%) were clinically significant. The most frequent isolates from bacteremic patients were Haemophilus influenzae (24%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (17%). Growth was noted in only one bottle in 25% of clinically significant isolates. Bottles inoculated with greater than or equal to 1 ml of blood became positive earlier than bottles inoculated with less than 1 ml. After 1 day of incubation, 48% of the clinically significant cultures showed growth on visual examination, whereas 85% showed growth on subculture. Only 19% of Haemophilus isolates were detected visually on day 1, whereas 88% were recovered on subculture. By day 7, 3.5% of all isolates (including 18% of pneumococcal isolates and 1% of Haemophilus isolates) could no longer be recovered on subculture. We conclude that a two-bottle blood culture system and blind subculture within 24 h will optimize detection of pediatric bacteremia.
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PMID:Evaluation of blood culture procedures in a pediatric hospital. 3 23

A total of 303 blood cultures that were positive by examination of Gram-stained smears were tested immediately by counterimmunoelectrophoresis for detection of bacterial antigens. Antigen was detected in all 82 blood cultures containing Streptococcus pneumoniae and 11 of 22 with Klebsiella pneumoniae, two of two with Haemophilus influenzae, and one of one with Neisseria meningiditis. False-positive cross-reactions in 265 tests occurred only with pneumococcal Omniserum in two cases of nongroupable streptococcal bacteremia and with Klebsiella antiserum in one case of Escherichia coli bacteremia (1.1%). A specific identification of the microorganisms at least 24 hours earlier than by subculture technics was accomplished in 91% of the cultures containing the aforementioned bacteria. The procedure was not useful for detecting antigen in blood cultures containing Staphylococcus aureus.
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PMID:Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for rapid identification of blood-culture isolates. 8 94

Rapid diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis is possible using immunological tests for capsular antigen (polyribophosphate, PRP), such as countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and latex particle agglutination (LPA). We compared two tests in monkeys with evolving, serially quantitated H. influenzae type b bacteremia (n = 23) and meningitis (n = 21). In vitro, the LPA test was sensitive to 0.5 ng of PRP/ml of saline, and the CIE test was sensitive to 1.0 ng/ml; in serum, however, CIE detected 5.0 ng of PRP/ml, whereas the sensitivity of LPA was unchanged. LPA detected PRP earlier in the course of bacteremia (mean, 12 h after onset; range, 4 to 36 h) than did CIE (mean, 45 h; range, 4 to 168 h) (P less than 0.01). A positive LPA test required greater than or equal to 100 bacteria per ml of blood, whereas CIE required greater than or equal to 1,000/ml. PRP accumulated with continuing blood stream infection, aiding detection of low-grade bacteremia. LPA detected antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) earlier in the course of meningitis and at a lower bacteria density than did CIE. Both methods detected antigen reliably with greater than or equal to 1,000 bacteria per ml of CSF. A close correlation existed between CSF concentrations of capsular antigen and bacteria (r = 0.90, P less than 0.001). We conclude that the LPA method permits earlier diagnosis of H. influenzae type b infection in part because of its greater sensitivity.
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PMID:Comparison of two antigen detection techniques in a primate model of Haemophilus influenzae type b infection. 11 34

Nonimmune rats given intravenous inoculations of 10(8) encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae type b cleared the bacteria at an exponential rate for 10 min; thereafter, the bacteremia plateaued at approximately 10(6) organisms/ml of blood. With 10(8) unencapsulated organisms, the initial clearance rate was significantly faster (P less than 0.001) and was complete by 30 min. The rate of clearance of a mutant strain of H. influenzae type b containing 0.1% as much capsular polysaccharide as the wild type was significantly faster (P less than 0.01), and H. influenzae type b from which a portion of the capsule had been removed physically had an intermediate clearance pattern. The addition of 1-1,000 mug of capsular polysaccharide to an inoculum of 10(8) organisms did not alter the clearance of the capsular polysaccharide-deficient mutant. The quantity of bacteria cleared during the 30 min after inoculation increased with the age of the animal. The initial bacterial clearance rate, corrected for animal and organ weight, also increased with age. These data are consistent with the proposal that physically integrated capsular polymer increases the virulence of H. influenzae type b by rendering it resistant to clearance from the bloodstream and that there may be an age-related increase in phagocytic activity that is reflected in increased clearance.
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PMID:The role of encapsulation and host age in the clearance of Haemophilus influenzae bacteremia. 29 66

Abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid associated with meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b were characterized in infant rats. After intranasal inoculation of bacteria, the development of intense bacteremia (greater than 10(4) colony-forming units/ml) correlated with cultures of cerebrospinal fluid positive for H. influenzae, with pleocytosis, and with hisotologic evidence of meningitis. The degree of pleocytosis was related to the age of the animal, the amount of time since inoculation, and the severity of the meningitis.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in infant rats: role of bacteremia in pathogenesis of age-dependent inflammatory responses in cerebrospinal fluid. 30 94

The age-related acquisition of serum anticapsular and bactericidal antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b observed in rats was similar to that of humans. The antigenic source for this "natural" immunity was not identified since neither pharyngeal infection with H. influenzae b nor enteric colonization by cross-reacting bacteria was detected. Infant rats surviving H. influenzae b bacteremia failed to respond immunologically to the capsular polysaccharide. However, surviving rats demonstrated no impairment of immune responsiveness to this antigen after subsequent immunization with live bacteria in adulthood. In passive protection experiments, antibodies directed against the type b capsular polysaccharide represented the major protective specificity. However, a small protective effect of antibodies to noncapsular antigens also appeared to have been demonstrated.
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PMID:Immunology of the infant rat experimental model of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. 30 6

The kinetics of bacteremia and capsular antigenemia in infant rats infected with Haemophilus influenzae type b were measured by quantitative bacterial counts in blood and counterimmunoelectrophoresis of plasma. After intraperitoneal inoculation with 10(4) colony-forming units (cfu) of H. influenzae type b, bacteremia was detected in 100% of animals at 12 hr after inoculation (mean, 16,500 cfu/ml) and by two days exceeded 10(5) cfu/ml in most animals. Despite these high levels of bacteremia, capsular antigen was detected infrequently during the early phase of experimental infection; it was present in 20% of animals at 12 hr and in 50% at one day. Peak levels of antigen in blood occurred two to three days after inoculation and coincided with the histologic appearance of meningitis. Thereafter, the frequency of antigenemia declined and paralleled the decline in quantitative bacterial counts in blood. Since detection of antigen was dependent on the occurrence of prolonged infection, counterimmunoelectrophoresis proved to be an insensitive method for early diagnosis.
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PMID:Circulating capsular antigen in infant rats infected with Haemophilus influenzae type b. 30 89

Described herein are three patients over the age of 50 years who had cellulitis of the neck and the upper portion of the chest, associated with Hemophilus influenzae type B bacteremia and respiratory tract infection--particularly that of the upper airway. Only one of the patients with cellulitis had the classic bluish-purple hue commonly seen in children affected with this syndrome. In the other two, the H. influenzae type B cellulitis could not be distinguished clinically from the more common group A streptococcal or staphylococcal cellulitis. Since the antibiotics employed in treating patients with infection due to the latter two organisms differ significantly from those used to treat patients with H. influenzae type B infection, the possibility of disease due to H. influenzae type B must be considered in any adult or child in whom cellulitis of the neck, chest and possibly face is associated with a respiratory tract infection, especially of the upper airway.
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PMID:Bacteremic hemophilus influenzae type B cellulitis in the adult. 30 44

Intraperitoneal injections of 250 mg of ampicillin per kg every 6 h for 30 h sterilized the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of infant rats infected with either a beta-lactamase-containing strain of Haemophilus influenzae type b or a strain lacking the enzyme. However, a single injection of 100 mg/kg sterilized the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of significantly fewer of those rats infected with the beta-lactamase-producing strain. The results suggest that resistance of beta-lactamase-containing strains of H. influenzae in vivo may be inoculum dependent, as demonstrated previously in vitro. The infant rat model appears suited for the quantitative delineation of the effect of beta-lactamase on the treatment of H. influenzae bacteremia and meningitis with beta-lactamase antibiotics.
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PMID:Beta-lactamase effect on ampicillin treatment of Haemophilus influenzae B bacteremia and meningitis in infant rats. 30 97


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