Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0348321 (Haemophilus)
 15,372 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calf thymus DNA was digested with the restriction nucleases from Escherichia coli carrying resistance transfer factor I, Haemophilus influenzae Rd and Bacillus subtilis X5 (EcoRI, Hind II, and Bsu, respectively) and submitted to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. About 10% of the DNA migrated as discrete fragments in 8, 16, and 30 bands, respectively, superimposed upon a continuous distribution of various size DNA fragments. The fragments within the bands are repeated 2000 to 160000 times in the haploid genome. Their sizes range from about 10 to a few thousand nucleotide pairs. About 5% of the DNA in EcorRI and Hind II digests migrated in a band at the position of undigested DNA, probably due to the resistance of long stretches of DNA against these nucleases. Calf DNA fragments obtained with EcoRI and Hind II were isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis. DNA from the bands showed the behaviour of repetitive DNA in renaturation experiments. An EcoRI fragment 1300-nucleotide-pairs long, which represents 6% of the calf genome and occurs 130000 times, is tandemly repeated (derived from the satellite of 1.714 g/cm3, see below). Another EcoRI fragment of 970 nucleotide paris, which represents 0.5% of the calf genome and is derived from the DNA of 1.710 g/cm3 seems to be structurally related to the foregoing fragment since it shows a similar Hind II and Bsu cleavage pattern. It alternates with a 1550-nucleotide-pairs-long EcoRI fragment. In another series of experiments total calf DNA was separated into main-band and satellite fractions by density-gradient centrifugation and chromatography in the presence of a base-specific dye. Purified fractions were characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation and by Hind II and EcorRI digestions. From the cleavage patterns of purified fractions an assignment of the bands found with total calf DNA to satellite fractions was possible. Most fragments were derived from the components of density 1.709 and 1.710 g/cm3. The 1.714-g/cm3 satellite was cleaved into a 1300-nucleotide-pairs-ling EcorRI fragment and two Hind II fragments of 1100 and 180 nucleotide pairs. The satellites of 1.723 g/cm3 and 1.705 g/cm3 were not cleaved by either Hind II or EcoRI DNAase. On digestion of main band DNA with Bsu a 160-nucleotide-pairs-long fragment was obtained which was also observed, at a frequency of about 160000, in the Bsu digest of EcoRI fractions from total calf DNA.
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PMID:Investigation of the repetitive sequences in calf DNA by cleavage with restriction nucleases. 80 85

Three gene libraries of Bordetella avium 197 DNA were prepared in Escherichia coli LE392 by using the cosmid vectors pCP13 and pYA2329, a derivative of pCP13 specifying spectinomycin resistance. The cosmid libraries were screened with convalescent-phase anti-B. avium turkey sera and polyclonal rabbit antisera against B. avium 197 outer membrane proteins. One E. coli recombinant clone produced a 56-kDa protein which reacted with convalescent-phase serum from a turkey infected with B. avium 197. In addition, five E. coli recombinant clones were identified which produced B. avium outer membrane proteins with molecular masses of 21, 38, 40, 43, and 48 kDa. At least one of these E. coli clones, which encoded the 21-kDa protein, reacted with both convalescent-phase turkey sera and antibody against B. avium 197 outer membrane proteins. The gene for the 21-kDa outer membrane protein was localized by Tn5seq1 mutagenesis, and the nucleotide sequence was determined by dideoxy sequencing. DNA sequence analysis of the 21-kDa protein revealed an open reading frame of 582 bases that resulted in a predicted protein of 194 amino acids. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of the gene encoding the 21-kDa outer membrane protein with protein sequences in the National Biomedical Research Foundation protein sequence data base indicated significant homology to the OmpA proteins of Shigella dysenteriae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli, and Salmonella typhimurium and to Neisseria gonorrhoeae outer membrane protein III, Haemophilus influenzae protein P6, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa porin protein F. The gene (ompA) encoding the B. avium 21-kDa protein hybridized with 4.1-kb DNA fragments from EcoRI-digested, chromosomal DNA of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica and with 6.0- and 3.2-kb DNA fragments from EcoRI-digested, chromosomal DNA of B. avium and B. avium-like DNA, respectively. A 6.75-kb DNA fragment encoding the B. avium 21-kDa protein was subcloned into the Asd+ vector pYA292, and the construct was introduced into the avirulent delta cya delta crp delta asd S. typhimurium chi 3987 for oral immunization of birds. The gene encoding the 21-kDa protein was expressed equivalently in B. avium 197, delta asd E. coli chi 6097, and S. typhimurium chi 3987 and was localized primarily in the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane. In preliminary studies on oral inoculation of turkey poults with S. typhimurium chi 3987 expressing the gene encoding the B. avium 21-kDa protein, it was determined that a single dose of the recombinant Salmonella vaccine failed to elicit serum antibodies against the 21-kDa protein and challenge with wild-type B. avium 197 resulted in colonization of the trachea and thymus with B. avium 197.
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PMID:Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding a 21-kilodalton outer membrane protein from Bordetella avium and expression of the gene in Salmonella typhimurium. 144 40

In the guinea-pig intraperitoneal administration of the Gram-negative bacterium Haemophilus influenzae induces a decrease of beta-adrenoceptor number and results in impairment of beta-adrenoceptor function in the peripheral and central airways, respectively. In the present study, the time-course of these events was studied and compared with changes in catecholamines in plasma, in organs involved in immunoregulation (spleen, thymus), and in the heart and the lung. The number of beta-adrenoceptor binding sites in peripheral lung tissue and beta-adrenoceptor function in isolated tracheal spirals were significantly decreased 3 and 4 days after administration of H. influenzae (24-33%). No significant changes were observed at day 1 and day 8. The effects on tracheal beta-adrenergic receptor function were characterized by a decrease of maximal relaxation only, whereas EC50-values were not affected. These data are indicative of an effect on the functional coupling of the receptors to the biochemical events leading to smooth muscle relaxation. No changes were observed in catecholamine concentrations in the lung, heart, and the thymus after H. influenzae-treatment. Plasma noradrenaline, though, was significantly increased at day 1 after H. influenzae. At day 8 plasma noradrenaline had returned to control levels. Interestingly, the effect on spleen noradrenaline was opposite to the effect seen in plasma. A significant decrease in spleen noradrenaline was observed after H. influenzae at days 1, 3, and 8, with a maximum of 42% at day 1. It is suggested that the decrease in spleen noradrenaline may have a causal relationship with the changes in lung beta-adrenoceptors.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae-induced decreases in lung beta-adrenoceptor function and number coincide with decreases in spleen noradrenaline. 282 47

Calf-thymus DNA, hydrolyzed with a site-specific endonuclease from Haemophilus influenzae Rd, yields 12 discrete bands on polyacrylamide-agarose gels. These range in size from 7.5 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(6) daltons, and they represent about 5% of the total DNA with individual fragments comprising 0.1-1.5%. The various DNA segments are repeated between 1500 and 220,000 times per haploid genome. Whereas the wide range of reiteration frequencies suggests different origins for some of the fragments, the bias in fragment densities in CsCl and in Ag(+)-Cs(2)SO(4) toward those of known satellite DNAs suggests similar origins for some of them. Models for the possible origin of the DNA fragments can be grouped into three distinct, experimentally distinguishable, classes.
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PMID:Generation of specific repeated fragments of eukaryote DNA. 452 2

A restriction-like enzyme has been purified from Haemophilus aegyptius. This nuclease, endonuclease Z, produces a rapid decrease in the viscosity of native calf thymus and H. influenzae deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), but does not degrade homologous DNA. The specificity of endonuclease Z is different from that of the similar endonuclease isolated from H. influenzae (endonuclease R). The purified enzyme cleaves the double-stranded replicative form DNA of bacteriophage phiX174 (phiX174 RF DNA) into at least 11 specific limit fragments whose molecular sizes have been estimated by gel electrophoresis. The position of these fragments with respect to the genetic map of phiX174 can be determined by using the genetic assay for small fragments of phiX174 DNA.
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PMID:Specific fragments of phi X174 deoxyribonucleic acid produced by a restriction enzyme from Haemophilus aegyptius, endonuclease Z. 453 35

A new thymine-derived product was separated from DNA irradiated with utlraviolet light in vitro and in vivo. This compound was mistaken to be thymine homodiner (T=T) by other workers because it is chromatographically indistinguishable from T=T in most eluents. It has absorbancy maximums at 312, 312, and 300 millimicrons in neutral, pH 2, and pH 11 aqueous solutions, respectively. When it is irradiated in aqueous solution with wavelengths of 360 and 313 millimicrons its spectrum reverts to one similar to that of thymine. Therefore, at least three thymine-derived products can be detected in ultraviolet irradiated DNA, namely the homodimer, a material with absorbancy maximum at 312 millimicrons, and a "minor" product suggested by others to be a dimer of cytosine and thymine. In cells, the latter two are formed in aboult equal amounts. While these three products were shown to exist in the acid hydrolyzates of ultraviolet irradiated DNA, a material with absorbancy maximum at about 310 millimicrons was demonstrated to form in ultraviolet irradiated DNA without further treatment. The magnitude of this spectral increase varied directly with the incrcase in the adenine-thymine contents in the DNA as shlown by differential transmittance spectra of the irradiated Micrococcus lysodeikticus, calf thymus, Bacillus cereus, and Hemophilus influenzae DNA.
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PMID:Ultraviolet irradiation of DNA in vitro and in vivo produces a 3d thymine-derived product. 496 Jun 73

The polysaccharide capsules of many germs (pneumococcus, meningococcus, Haemophilus b, salmonella, etc.) can induce synthesis of protective antibodies in man. The development of many vaccines has been based on this phenomenon. Unfortunately, the polysaccharide antigens cannot trigger an immune response before the age of 2 years. In addition, they do not induce an anamnestic response, as do protein antigens. Great progress has been made by conjugating these polysaccharide antigens with protein antigens (tetanus and diphtheria antigens in particular). The resulting novel antigen induces a thymus-dependent response in man, leading to immunogenicity from the first weeks of life, and to a higher and more durable antibody response. On subsequent administration, such conjugated vaccines provoke a booster effect. In practice, the anti-Haemophilus b conjugated vaccine has obtained spectacular results in prevention of meningitis, with an effectiveness close to 100%. Results of the first trials of conjugated anti-pneumococcal vaccines suggest that they may constitute an effective new means of combating the emerging pneumococcal strains resistant to penicillin.
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PMID:[Polysaccharide subunit vaccines]. 766

Antibodies directed to capsular polysaccharides form an essential component in the defence against infections with encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Immune responses to polysaccharide antigens can occur in the absence of a functional thymus and the antigens are therefore designated as thymus independent. However, regulatory T cells may influence the magnitude of the antibody response to capsular polysaccharide antigens. So-called thymus independent type 2 antigens share several features of their immune response such as late development of antibody synthesis in ontogeny, no memory formation and a restricted isotype (IgM, IgG2) and idiotype usage. In infants and young children up to the age of 2 years the antibody response to capsular polysaccharides is inadequate resulting in an increased incidence of diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, otitis and other forms of bacteremic disease. Anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody deficiency does occur in a number of well defined immunodeficiency syndromes including hypo- or agammaglobulinaemia, selective IgA and/or IgG subclass deficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, DiGeorge anomaly and also in acquired immune deficiencies such as AIDS, and some forms of lymphoid malignancies. In elderly and in conditions such as splenectomy an increased incidence of infections with encapsulated bacteria does occur, sometimes but not always on basis of a defect in antibody formation. Clinicians are often confronted with young patients older than 2 years of age suffering from recurrent severe bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. In these patients no overt immunodeficiency is demonstrable but recent results indicated that a small percentage may show a selective defect in the antibody response since upon vaccination with polysaccharide vaccines no increase in antibody titer does occur. Though antibodies to polysaccharide antigens in young children are mainly of the IgM and IgG1 (IgG3) isotype, in older children and adults the polysaccharide antibodies are predominantly localized in the IgG2 subclass. The bridge between IgG2 type antibodies and phagocytosis of encapsulated bacteria is constituted by Fc gamma receptors for IgG2 on effector cells. The recent finding that allotypes of Fc gamma RIIa do exist that either bind or do not bind IgG2 type antibodies strongly suggests that the defence of a given individual to encapsulated bacteria apart from an intact antibody formation and the complement system also is determined by the allotype of the appropriate Fc gamma receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Anti-capsular polysaccharide antibody deficiency states. 816 45

In previous work, we generated four IgM, five IgG1, and one IgA1 mAbs to rabies virus using B cells from four subjects vaccinated with inactivated rabies virus, a thymus-dependent (TD) mosaic Ag, and sequenced the mAb V(H)DJ(H) genes. Here, we have cloned the V kappa J kappa and V lambda J lambda genes to complete the primary structure of the Ag-binding site of these mAbs. While the anti-rabies virus mAb selection of VA genes (2e.2.2 twice, DPL11, and DPL23) reflected the representation of the V lambda genes in the human haploid genome (stochastic utilization), that of V kappa genes (O2/O12 twice, O8/O18, A3/A19, A27, and L2) did not (p = 0.0018) (nonstochastic utilization). Furthermore, the selection of both V kappa and V lambda genes by the anti-rabies virus mAbs vastly overlapped with that of 557 assorted V kappa J kappa rearrangements, that of 253 V lambda J lambda rearrangements in lambda-type gammopathies, and that of other Abs to thymus-dependent Ags, including 23 anti-HIV mAbs and 51 rheumatoid factors, but differed from that of 43 Abs to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide, a prototypic thymus-independent (TI) Ag. The anti-rabies virus mAb V kappa J kappa and V lambda J lambda segments displayed variable numbers of somatic mutations, which, in mAb58 and the virus-neutralizing mAb57, entailed a significant concentration of amino acid replacements in the complementarity-determining regions (p = 0.0028 and p = 0.0023, respectively), suggesting a selection by Ag. This Ag-dependent somatic selection process was superimposed on a somatic diversification process that occurred at the stage of B cell receptor for Ag rearrangement, and that entailed V gene 3' truncation and N nucleotide additions to yield heterogeneous CDR3s.
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PMID:Clonal analysis of a human antibody response. III. Nucleotide sequences of monoclonal IgM, IgG, and IgA to rabies virus reveal restricted V kappa gene utilization, junctional V kappa J kappa and V lambda J lambda diversity, and somatic hypermutation. 974 51

Pertussis carries a high risk of mortality in very young infants. The mechanism of refractory cardio-respiratory failure is complex and not clearly delineated. We aimed to examine the clinico-pathological features and suggest how they may be related to outcome, by multi-center review of clinical records and post-mortem findings of 10 patients with fulminant pertussis (FP). All cases were less than 8 weeks of age, and required ventilation for worsening respiratory symptoms and inotropic support for severe hemodynamic compromise. All died or underwent extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) within 1 week. All had increased leukocyte counts (from 54 to 132 x 10(9)/L) with prominent neutrophilia in 9/10. The post-mortem demonstrated necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis with extensive areas of necrosis of the alveolar epithelium. Hyaline membranes were present in those cases with viral co-infection. Pulmonary blood vessels were filled with leukocytes without well-organized thrombi. Immunodepletion of the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes was a common feature. Other organisms were isolated as follows; 2/10 cases Para influenza type 3, 2/10 Moraxella catarrhalis, 1/10 each with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a coliform organism, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Haemophilus influenzae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), and candida tropicalis. We postulate that severe hypoxemia and intractable cardiac failure may be due to the effects of pertussis toxin, necrotizing bronchiolitis, extensive damage to the alveolar epithelium, tenacious airway secretions, and possibly leukostasis with activation of the immunological cascade, all contributing to increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Cellular apoptosis appeared to underlay much of these changes. The secondary immuno-compromise may facilitate co-infection.
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PMID:Fulminant pertussis: a multi-center study with new insights into the clinico-pathological mechanisms. 1972


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