UMLS:C0344329 - FACTA Search

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The two mitochondrial Na+/H+ antiporters differ in several important respects, and the most physiologically significant of these may be their differences in regulation. The Mg2+-dependent Na+/H+ antiporter controls mitochondrial volume in a dangerous, high-K+ environment. To play this vital role, this porter must always lie poised far from K+/H+ equilibrium; i.e., it must be under dynamic regulation, as proposed in the Mg2+ carrier-brake hypothesis (7). Being regulated, it is not necessary for this antiporter to be cation-selective, since all electroneutral cation movements will be followed by redistributions of anions and water. On the other hand, there is no indication at present that the Mg2+-independent Na+/H+ antiporter is regulated. This transporter is therefore required to exhibit high discrimination against K+ in order to prevent the collapse of matrix volume dueto uncontrolled loss of K+ salts and water (4). Do the properties of the mitochondrial Na+/H+ antiporters help us in any way to understand the plasmalemmal Na+/H+ antiporters? I believe they do, if we allow that there are a limited number of ways in which nature constructs such porters. The difference in cation selectivities very likely reflects a fundamental structural difference between the two mitochondrial antiporters, and this difference appears to be mirrored in two types of plasmalemmal Na+/H+ antiporters. Thus, the Mg2+-independent Na+/H+ antiporter resembles the renal tubular Na+/H+ antiporter in its discrimination against K+ and its competitive inhibition by Li+. On the other hand, the Mg2+-dependent Na+/H+ antiporter resembles a cardiac sarcolemmal Na+/H+ antiporter which transports all alkali cations, including Na+ and K+, and which is inhibited by DCCD and amphiphilic amines (S. Kakar, A. Askari and K. Garlid, in preparation). The existence of the latter class of antiporter in plasmalemma may seem unlikely at first glance, since it would tend to catalyze Na+/K+ exchange and dissipate the effects of the Na+,K+-ATPase. Nevertheless, a sound design principle would be followed if the cell, like mitochondria, were to regulate volume by governing a passive back-flow process rather than an active transport process. In conclusion, it seems premature to conclude that plasma membranes contain only one type of Na+/H+ antiporter. Nor does it seem likely that there is an unlimited variety of such transporters. I propose as a working hypothesis that antiporters from both mitochondria and plasmalemma may be separated into two classes: Na+-selective and non-Na+-selective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Sodium/proton antiporters in the mitochondrial inner membrane. 285 Jul 31

Transcriptional fusions between the phage lambda promotor pR and ATP synthase genes, atp, on plasmid pBR322 were constructed in order to study the effects upon growth and physiology of Escherichia coli of induced overproduction of H+-ATPase subunits. Constitutive overproduction of the complete enzyme had earlier been found to result in decreased growth rate and cytological defects. When a 15-fold overproduction of subunit a alone, or together with subunit c, or with all other ATP synthase subunits was suddenly induced, the following effects were observed. Inhibition of growth and protein synthesis within 10 min of induction, which effect was suppressed by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, also when the chromosomal atp genes coding for the Fo subunits a, b and c were deleted. Partial collapse of the membrane potential delta psi at 4-6 min after induction paralleled by inhibition of thiomethylgalactoside and guanosine transport. Respiration and alpha-methylglucoside transport was not affected. The partial collapse of delta psi, and the specific inhibition of proton-driven transport systems is taken to show that the subunit a has--when suddenly overproduced and inserted into the membrane--a protonophoric activity. It is suggested that this protonophoric activity of subunit a is related to the function of this subunit in the Fo sector in H+-ATPases.
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PMID:Proton conduction by subunit a of the membrane-bound ATP synthase of Escherichia coli revealed after induced overproduction. 286 56

The effect of increasing sucrose concentrations on some mitochondrial functions was studied. The results showed that high osmolarity inhibits oxidative phosphorylation as well as ATPase activity and ATP-dependent delta phi formation as a consequence of adenine nucleotide translocase inhibition. It is also shown that high osmolarity does not affect delta phi formation and energy-dependent Ca2+ uptake as driven by succinate oxidation. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins showed a different reactivity to o-phenantroline/Cu2+ as function of osmolarity. It is proposed that high sucrose concentrations induce a collapse of the matrix compartment that results in a restricted diffusion of some metabolites.
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PMID:Metabolite transport in mitochondria as a function of osmolarity. 294 2

The cytochemical localization of enzymatic activity by means of backscattered electron imaging (BEI) is reviewed and the application of BEI to changes in acid phosphatase and ATPase distribution during physiological (programmed) cell death in Heliothis midgut is explored. Programmed cell death entails the release of nascent free acid phosphatase as extracisternal hydrolase. This shift can readily be detected by means of the atomic number contrast imparted by BEI of the lead phosphatase reaction product, thus enabling the distribution of dying cells to be mapped. BEI is particularly useful in this context as it allows the examination of bulk specimens at low magnification. Death of cells is also accompanied by a collapse in ATPase activity which shows up as cytochemically negative areas in the X-ray microscope and by means of BEI. Acid phosphatase in normal cells is localized in the apical microvilli and lysosomes. Senescent or dying cells, however, clearly show a basally situated free hydrolase which migrates throughout the cell. Parallel TEM results confirm that this enzyme is ribosomal and extracisternal rather than lysosomal in origin. ATPase activity is largely limited to the apical microvilli, although there is some activity associated with the basal plasma membranes. The apical ATPase, however is partially resistant to ouabain. Young and mature cells are positive although in the latter case some microvilli may be lost as the cells acquire a negative cap or dome. Inhibition by bromotetramizole indicates that apical activity is not to any significant extent contributed to by alkaline phosphatase. Degenerate or dead cells are negative and can be seen as a mozaic of "black patches" among normal cells when imaged by means of BEI or X-ray microscopy.
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PMID:The use of backscattered electron imaging, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray microscopy in demonstrating physiological cell death. 297 76

Rightside-out membrane vesicles of Streptococcus cremoris were fused with proteoliposomes containing the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin by a low-pH fusion procedure reported earlier [Driessen, A.J.M., Hellingwerf, K.J. & Konings, W.N. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 808, 1-12]. In these fused membranes a proton motive force, interior positive and acid, can be generated in the light and this proton motive force can drive the uptake of Ca2+. Collapsing delta psi with a concomitant increase in delta pH stimulates Ca2+ uptake while dissipation of the delta pH results in a reduced rate of Ca2+ uptake. Also an artificially generated delta pH, interior acid, can drive Ca2+ uptake in S. cremoris membrane vesicles. Ca2+ uptake depends strongly on the presence of external phosphate while Ca2+-efflux-induced proton flux is independent of the presence of external phosphate. Ca2+ accumulation is abolished by the divalent cation ionophore A23187. Calcium extrusion from intact cells is accelerated by lactose. Collapse of the proton motive force by the uncoupler carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone or inhibition of the membrane-bound ATPase by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide strongly inhibits Ca2+ release. Further studies on Ca2+ efflux at different external pH values in the presence of either valinomycin or nigericin suggested that Ca2+ exit from intact cells is an electrogenic process. It is concluded that Ca2+ efflux in S. cremoris is mediated by a secondary transport system catalyzing exchange of calcium ions and protons.
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PMID:Calcium transport in membrane vesicles of Streptococcus cremoris. 301 12

Incubation of rat liver mitochondria with benzoquinone derivatives in the presence of succinate plus rotenone has been shown to cause NAD(P)H oxidation followed by Ca2+ release. Further investigation revealed: (1)p-Benzoquinone-induced Ca2+ release was not initiated by a collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. However, Ca2+ release and subsequent Ca2+ cycling caused limited increased membrane permeability. (2) p-Benzoquinone-induced NAD(P)H oxidation and Ca2+ release were prevented by isocitrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and glutamate but not by pyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate. (3) Inhibition of pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenases by p-benzoquinone was attributed to arylation of the SH groups of the cofactors, CoA and lipoic acid. Isocitrate dehydrogenase was also inhibited by p-benzoquinone, but the cofactors NAD(P)H and Mn2+ protected the enzyme. Glutamate dehydrogenase was not inhibited by p-benzoquinone. (4) Arylation of mitochondrial protein thiols by p-benzoquinone was associated with an inhibition of state 3 respiration, which was attributed to the inactivation of the phosphate translocase. In contrast, state 4 respiration, and the F1.F0-ATPase and ATP/ADP translocase activities were not inhibited. It was concluded that inhibition of mitochondrial NAD(P)H dehydrogenases by arylation of critical thiol groups will decrease the NAD(P)+-reducing capacity, and possibly lower the NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ redox status in favor of Ca2+ release.
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PMID:Role of sulfhydryl groups in benzoquinone-induced Ca2+ release by rat liver mitochondria. 321 68

The physiological relevance of an apparent ionophore activity of cholera toxin towards Ca2+ has been examined in several different systems designed to measure affinity, specificity, rates of ion transfer, and effects on intracellular ion concentrations. Half-maximal transfer rates across porcine jejunal brush-border vesicles were obtained at a concentration of 0.20 microM Ca2+. When examined in the presence of competing ions the transfer process was blocked by very low concentrations of La3+ or Cd2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ and Mg2+ were relatively inefficient competitors for Ca2+ transport mediated by cholera toxin. The relative affinities observed would be compatible with a selectivity for Ca2+ transfer at physiological ion concentrations, as well as an inhibition of this ionophore activity by recognized antagonists of cholera toxin such as lanthanum ions. Entry rates of Ca2+ into brush-border vesicles exposed to cholera toxin were large enough to accelerate the collapse of a Ca2+ gradient generated by endogenous Ca, Mg-ATPase activity. The treatment of isolated jejunal enterocytes with cholera toxin caused a significant elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations as measured by Quin-2 fluorescence. This effect was specifically prevented by prior exposure of the cholera toxin to excess ganglioside GM1. We conclude that cholera toxin has many of the properties required for promoting transmembranes Ca2+ movement in membrane vesicles and appears to be an effective Ca2+ ionophore in isolated mammalian cells.
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PMID:Calcium transport affinity, ion competition and cholera toxin effects on cytosolic Ca concentration. 361 68

The purified plasma membrane Mg2+-dependent ATPase of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was incorporated in liposomes using a cholate-dialysis method. The ATPase activity of the incorporated enzyme was stimulated by the H+-conducting agent carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and to a much lower extent of the K+-ionophore valinomycin in the presence of potassium. The K+/H+ exchanger nigericin (plus K+) did not stimulate ATPase activity, whereas the combined addition of both nigericin plus valinomycin was strongly stimulatory. The incorporated ATPase activity was controlled by the generated electrochemical H+ gradient since only conditions which collapse both the membrane potential and the pH gradient stimulated fully the ATPase activity of the incorporated enzyme. Direct measurement of proton movement with a pH glass electrode showed a fast and transient proton entry into the proteoliposomes upon addition of MgATP in the presence of the charge-compensating cation K+ (plus valinomycin). Moreover, during the steady state ATP hydrolysis, a H+ entry was again observed when the membrane potential was collapsed upon addition of valinomycin in the presence of K+. These data demonstrate that the plasma membrane ATPase of yeast cells is involved in electrogenic H+ translocation coupled to ATP hydrolysis since the purified enzyme incorporated in the liposomes is virtually free of mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase contaminant.
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PMID:Electrogenic proton translocation coupled to ATP hydrolysis by the plasma membrane Mg2+-dependent ATPase of yeast in reconstituted proteoliposomes. 611 57

The ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ [and [3H](-)-noradrenaline ([3H]NA)] into chromaffin granules and that into mitochondria are driven by a protonic gradient delta mu H+, composed of the components delta pH (concentration gradient of protons) and delta psi (electrical potential difference). The granular ATPase pumps protons into the matrix (delta pH inside acid, delta psi positive), but the mitochondrial ATPase ejects protons from the matrix (delta pH alkaline, delta psi negative inside). To show different driving forces of uptake, the rate of the ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ (and [3H]NA) into chromaffin granules was compared with the rate of the ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into mitochondria (adrenomedullary or rat liver). In the presence of nitrate, the rate of the ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into chromaffin granules is higher than in the presence of acetate, because the lyotropic anion nitrate stimulates the granular ATPase and increases delta pH (acid inside). Compared with nitrate, the rate of the ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into mitochondria is higher in the presence of the proton-carrying anion acetate, which, after permeation, provides protons for ejection by the ATPase. In the absence of ATP, a valinomycin-mediated potassium influx (delta psi inside positive) stimulates the granular uptake of [3H]NA, which has an electrogenic component, but not the granular uptake of 45Ca2+, which is electroneutral. The electrogenic uptake of 45Ca2+ into mitochondria is stimulated by a valinomycin-mediated potassium efflux (delta psi negative inside). The ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into chromaffin granules is sensitive to ruthenium red, suggesting a carrier-mediated mechanism of uptake, and it is sensitive to atractyloside, indicating the simultaneous uptake of ATP. After collapse of delta pH by ammonia, the ATP-stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into chromaffin granules is abolished, but not that into mitochondria. In the presence of ammonia, the rate of the ATP-stimulated uptake of [3H]NA is very low, and an ATP-independent uptake of 45Ca2+ into chromaffin granules is observed which is similar to the ATP-independent Ca2+/Na+ exchange at the granular membrane.
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PMID:Further characteristics of the ATP-stimulated uptake of calcium into chromaffin granules. 623 24

1. Highly purified resealed chromaffin-granule ;ghosts' were assayed for ATPase and ATP-driven H(+)-translocation and 5-hydroxytryptamine-uptake activities, and for 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake driven by an imposed transmembrane H(+)-gradient. The effects of several inhibitors on these activities were studied. 2. Dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide inhibits all of these activities, but not in parallel; at low concentrations it decreases the permeability of the membrane to protons. 3. 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofuran (Nbf-Cl) and silicotungstate inhibit ATP-dependent activities, without effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake driven by an imposed H(+)-gradient. 4. Tributyltin chloride inhibits all of the activities. 5. Treatment of the ;ghosts' with low concentrations of urea inhibits 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and ATP-dependent generation of a transmembrane H(+)-gradient, without inhibiting ATPase activity. 6. Nbf-Cl and silicotungstate are without effect on the rate of leakage of 5-hydroxytryptamine from preloaded ;ghosts', whereas dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide and tributyltin chloride accelerate the rate of leakage. 7. Treatment of the membranes with (14)C-labelled Nbf-Cl labels several proteins; membranes treated with dicyclohexyl[(14)C]carbodi-imide are labelled predominantly in a protein of low molecular weight, which may be analogous to the mitochondrial H(+)-conducting proteolipid. 8. It is concluded that Nbf-Cl and silicotungstate inhibit the H(+)-translocating ATPase of the granule membrane; that dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide inhibits the ATPase, and inhibits 5-hydroxytryptamine accumulation by accelerating leakage of the amine; and that the effects of tributyltin chloride are due to inhibition of the ATPase, and collapse of the transmembrane H(+)-gradient through OH(-)-anion exchange.
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PMID:Inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase, 5-hydroxytryptamine transport and proton-translocation activities of resealed chromaffin-granule 'ghosts'. 625 64

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