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 28,634 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Preclinically relevant injuries of the thorax are described patho-physiologically. The diagnosis at the scene of accident and the treatment of the emergency of the functional after-effect injury are described. Respiratory insufficiency requires early artificial respiration. A pneumothorax should be drained, at least, on the respired patient. If there is a pneumothorax associated with tension due to the confined air, the relief would be obligatory. The relief should take place after the digital opening of the thorax by silicon drainage. If there is a mediastinal emphysema with a seriously haemodynamic effect, the relief would be indicated by collar mediastinostomy. If there is a pericardium tamponade with circulatory collapse after a perforating trauma, the patient must be brought to the medical attention of a surgeon as quickly as possible. The delay in time must not be the consequence of the relief of puncture. If a person injured in an accident who has a rupture of the trachea can not be respired immediate exposure of the rupture site is imperative. Resuscitation measures in case of an injured thorax must be done at the opened thorax.
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PMID:[Thoracic trauma in the pre-hospital phase]. 256 50

Structural information on an atomic scale has been obtained for a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) trilayer system by means of long-period x-ray standing waves. The LB trilayer of zinc and cadmium arachidate was deposited on a layered synthetic microstructure (LSM) consisting of 200 tungsten/silicon layer pairs with a 25 A period. A 30 A thermally induced inward collapse of the zinc atom layer that was initially located in the LB trilayer at 53 A above the LSM surface has been observed. The mean position and width of the zinc atom layer was determined with a precision of +/- 0.3 A.
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PMID:X-ray standing waves: a molecular yardstick for biological membranes. 317 19

This study reviews the utility of specimen angiography in identifying colonic lesions clinically thought to represent angiodysplasia. Four elderly patients presented with acute rectal bleeding. The diagnosis of angiodysplasia was made preoperatively in 3 patients by colonoscopy or angiography, or both. These specimens were injected with silicon rubber compound, xerographed, cleared with methyl salicylate, and examined with transillumination before histologic sampling. Although this technique was not used in the fourth case, fortuitous random sampling of the ascending colon revealed vascular changes indicative of angiodysplasia that correlated with a preoperative bleeding scan. Associated lesions in 1 patient were carcinoma of the colon and primary amyloidosis, the concurrence of which has not been described previously. With the injection technique the lesions of angiodysplasia appear grossly as spiderlike, dilated blood vessels. Microscopically, dilated veins, venules, and capillaries are found in the submucosa only or in the mucosa and submucosa. The importance of the postoperative injection is that it prevents the collapse of the blood vessels and enables the pathologist to identify the lesions grossly. As these lesions are usually small, this is important for proper sampling and histologic documentation.
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PMID:Utility of specimen angiography in angiodysplasia of the colon. 373 71

During development, axons of the mammalian corpus callosum must navigate across the midline to establish connections with corresponding targets in the contralateral cerebral cortex. To gain insight into how growth cones of callosal axons respond to putative guidance cues along this CNS pathway, we have used time-lapse video microscopy to observe dynamic behaviors of individual callosal growth cones extending in living brain slices from neonatal hamster sensorimotor cortex. Crystals of the lipophilic dye 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) were inserted into the cortex in vivo to label small populations of callosal axons and their growth cones. Subsequently, 400 microns brain slices that included the injection site, the corpus callosum, and the target cortex were placed in culture and viewed under low-light-level conditions with a silicon-intensified target (SIT) camera. Time-lapse video observations revealed striking differences in growth cone behaviors in different regions of the callosal pathway. In the tract, which is defined as the region of the callosal pathway from the injection site to the corresponding target cortex, growth cones advanced rapidly, displaying continual lamellipodial shape changes and filopodial exploration. Forward advance was sometimes interrupted by brief pauses or retraction. Growth cones in the target cortex had almost uniform compact shapes that were consistently smaller than those in the tract. In cortex, axons adhered to straight radial trajectories and their growth cones extended at only half the speed of those in the tract. Growth cones in subtarget regions of the callosum beneath cortical targets displayed complex behaviors characterized by long pauses, extension of transitory branches, and repeated cycles of collapse, withdrawal, and resurgence. Video observations suggested that extension of axons into cortical targets could occur by interstitial branching from callosal axons rather than by turning behaviors of the primary growth cones. These results suggest the existence of guidance cues distinct for each of these callosal regions that elicit characteristic growth cone behaviors.
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PMID:Dynamic behaviors of growth cones extending in the corpus callosum of living cortical brain slices observed with video microscopy. 815 63

High-resolution two-dimensional simulations were performed for the first 5 minutes of the evolution of a core-collapse supernova explosion in a 15 M middle dot in circle blue supergiant progenitor. The computations start shortly after bounce and include neutrino-matter interactions by using a lightbulb approximation for the neutrinos and a treatment of the nucleosynthesis due to explosive silicon and oxygen burning. We find that newly formed iron-group elements are distributed throughout the inner half of the helium core by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities at the (Ni + Si)/O and (C + O)/He interfaces, seeded by convective overturn during the early stages of the explosion. Fast-moving nickel mushrooms with velocities up to approximately 4000 km s-1 are observed. This offers a natural explanation for the mixing required in light-curve and spectral synthesis studies of Type Ib explosions. A continuation of the calculations to later times, however, indicates that the iron velocities observed in SN 1987A cannot be reproduced because of a strong deceleration of the clumps in the dense shell left behind by the shock at the He/H interface.
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PMID:Nucleosynthesis and Clump Formation in a Core-Collapse Supernova. 1068 68

We report measurements of the superfluid fraction rho(s)/rho of films of (3)He-(4)He mixtures confined between silicon wafers at 0.0483 microm separation. The data obtained using adiabatic fountain resonance (AFR) can be used to test for the first time expectations of correlation-length scaling in the case of planar mixtures. For the mixtures, the data for rho(s)/rho collapse well on a universal function. The dissipation associated with AFR can also be scaled, and indicates two-dimensional crossover. These results are in contrast to pure (4)He, where over a wider range of confinements, the data for rho(s)/rho are found not to scale.
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PMID:Superfluid fraction of (3)He-(4)He mixtures confined at 0.0483 microm between silicon wafers. 1129 Jan 92

Now that gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been determined to lie at cosmological distances, their isotropic burst energies are estimated to be as high as 1054 erg (ref. 2), making them the most energetic phenomena in the Universe. The nature of the progenitors responsible for the bursts remains, however, elusive. The favoured models range from the merger of two neutron stars in a binary system to the collapse of a massive star. Spectroscopic studies of the afterglow emission could reveal details of the environment of the burst, by indicating the elements present, the speed of the outflow and an estimate of the temperature. Here we report an X-ray spectrum of the afterglow of GRB011211, which shows emission lines of magnesium, silicon, sulphur, argon, calcium and possibly nickel, arising in metal-enriched material with an outflow velocity of the order of one-tenth the speed of light. These observations strongly favour models where a supernova explosion from a massive stellar progenitor precedes the burst event and is responsible for the outflowing matter.
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PMID:The signature of supernova ejecta in the X-ray afterglow of the gamma-ray burst 011211. 1193 38

Semliki Forest virus (SFV), an alphavirus, is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. The RNA genome is surrounded by a protein shell known as the capsid which itself is surrounded by a lipid envelope of host cell origin. In this study, SFV strain L10 enveloped virus and its capsid were immobilised onto silicon wafer supports which had been pre-coated with a monolayer of the relevant anti-viral antibody. After drying, the samples were imaged in air, using non-contact mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). Quantification of the AFM images has revealed that both the strain L10 enveloped virus and capsid collapse when immobilised in this manner. The capsid undergoes more significant collapse compared to the enveloped virus. The dimensions of the immobilised enveloped virus and capsid have been compared to a model where the free spherical particles collapse into ellipsoids during immobilisation. For the immobilised capsid the dimensions are consistent with this model whereas for the enveloped virus the model is less effective. The dimensions of the enveloped virus appear to be affected by the antibody used for immobilisation.
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PMID:Immobilisation of Semliki forest virus for atomic force microscopy. 1221 79

In this study we describe a surface morphology that arises when ultrathin supported films of poly(d,l-lactide) are immersed in water. The films are initially flat with a rms roughness of approximately 2 nm. After immersion the surfaces of the films are covered with craters. The craters have a narrow distribution of sizes and are typically micrometers in diameter. They have depths in the 10-100 nm range. In situ atomic force microscopy shows that the craters occur as a result of a blistering process, which occurs when the films delaminate from the silicon substrate. The films buckle away from the substrate to give a nonzero initial diameter and then the blisters proceed to grow until they reach a maximum size. At any point during the growth process, the blisters can be made to collapse by removing the films from water. This phenomenon is explained in terms of a laterally confined swelling film, which has a buckling instability and releases excess strain energy by wrinkling. An expression for the initial buckling wavelength is extracted using the expressions for a buckling plate. Information about the mechanical properties of the films and the surface interaction between the film and substrate can also be obtained by considering the kinetics of blister growth.
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PMID:Swelling-induced morphology in ultrathin supported films of poly(d,l-lactide). 1224 76

32 healty adult dogs were selected for this experiment. 10 of them were subjected to the tracheal biomechanics test using indices including the relation between stretcher ratio (lambda) and stress (T), the squeeze stress (delta jy) of medical silk thread on trachea, the side stress (Ts) inducing the tracheal collapse, the functional maximum angle (psi max) of tracheal, and the sever area torsion angle (theta max) of tracheal functional maximum curved. According to the indices measured, two types of tracheal prosthesis were designed, and were made of carbon fiber and silicon. They were the straight tube type tracheal prosthesis and the bifurcate type tracheal prosthesis. The straight tube type tracheal prosthesis was studied with a design of two groups comprising a total of 11 dogs. In the experiment group (n = 6), the outer surface of the tube was not coated with silicon, the average survival period was 379.8 days. In the control group (n = 5), the outer surface of the tube was coated with silicon, the average survival period was 90.4 days. The bifurcate type tracheal prosthesis was studied in 11 dogs, the average survival period was 4.32 days. The main causes of death in the experiment were infection and anastomotic dehiscent.
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PMID:[Design and study of carbon fiber tracheal prosthesis]. 1255 73


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