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 28,634 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

If the angular momentum of the molecular cloud core were conserved during the star formation process, a newborn star would rotate much faster than its fission speed. This constitutes the angular momentum problem of newborn stars. In this Letter, the angular momentum transfer in the contraction of a rotating magnetized cloud is studied with axisymmetric MHD simulations. Because of the large dynamic range covered by the nested-grid method, the structure of the cloud in the range from 10 AU to 0.1 pc is explored. First, the cloud experiences a runaway collapse, and a disk forms perpendicularly to the magnetic field, in which the central density increases greatly in a finite timescale. In this phase, the specific angular momentum j of the disk decreases to about one-third of the initial cloud. After the central density of the disk exceeds approximately 1010 cm-3, the infall on to the central object develops. In this accretion stage, the rotation motion and thus the toroidal magnetic field drive the outflow. The angular momentum of the central object is transferred efficiently by the outflow as well as by the effect of the magnetic stress. In 7000 yr from the core formation, the specific angular momentum of the central 0.17 M middle dot in circle decreases a factor of 10-4 from the initial value (i.e., from 1020 to 1016 cm2 s-1).
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PMID:The Evolution of the Angular Momentum Distribution during Star Formation. 1058 91

Taking into account relativistic effects in quantum chemistry is crucial for accurate computations involving heavy atoms. Standard numerical methods can deal with the problem of variational collapse and the appearance of spurious roots only in special cases. The goal of this Letter is to provide a general and robust method to compute particle bound states of the Dirac equation.
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PMID:Minimization methods for the one-particle dirac equation. 1105 14

High-intensity, "pink" beam from an undulator was used in conjunction with microfabricated rapid-fluid mixing devices to monitor the early events in protein folding with time resolved small angle x-ray scattering. This Letter describes recent work on the protein bovine beta-lactoglobulin where collapse from an expanded to a compact set of states was directly observed on the millisecond time scale. The role of chain collapse, one of the initial stages of protein folding, is not currently understood. The characterization of transient, compact states is vital in assessing the validity of theories and models of the folding process.
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PMID:Time resolved collapse of a folding protein observed with small angle x-ray scattering. 1138 92

In this Letter we present a flat histogram algorithm based on the pruned and enriched Rosenbluth method. This algorithm incorporates in a straightforward manner microcanonical reweighting techniques, leading to "flat histogram" sampling in the chosen parameter space. As an additional benefit, our algorithm is completely parameter free and, hence, easy to implement. We apply this algorithm to interacting self-avoiding walks, the generic lattice model of polymer collapse.
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PMID:Flat histogram version of the pruned and enriched Rosenbluth method. 1508 59

This Letter describes a quasistationary breakup of an immiscible, inviscid fluid at low capillary numbers. The breakup proceeds in a coflowing, viscous liquid, in a confined geometry of a long and narrow orifice. In contrast to the capillary instability in an unbounded fluid, the collapse proceeds through a series of equilibria, each yielding the minimum interfacial energy of the fluid-fluid interface. The process is slow in comparison to typical relaxation speeds of the interface, and it is reversible. Its quasistatic character of collapse forms the basis for controlled, high-throughput generation of monodisperse fluid dispersions.
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PMID:Mechanism for flow-rate controlled breakup in confined geometries: a route to monodisperse emulsions. 1590 31

In this Letter, we investigate the effects of dipole-dipole interactions on the vortex lattices in fast rotating Bose-Einstein condensates. For single planar condensate, we show that the triangular lattice structure will be unfavorable when the s-wave interaction is attractive and exceeds a critical value. It will first change to a square lattice, and then become more and more flat with the increase of s-wave attraction, until the collapse of the condensate. For an array of coupled planar condensates, we discuss how the dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring condensates compete with quantum tunneling processes, which affects the relative displacement of two neighboring vortex lattices and leads to the loss of phase coherence between different condensates.
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PMID:Vortex lattices in planar Bose-Einstein condensates with dipolar interactions. 1638 39

In this Letter, we report the effects of strain on the electronic properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes. When we normalize the electronic transition energies to the corresponding values obtained for unstrained tubes, we obtain that, regardless of the tube diameter, all the data collapse onto universal curves following an n - m = constant family pattern. In the case of metallic tubes, quantum interference effects on the Raman cross section are predicted for strained tubes when the energies of the lower and the upper components have nearly the same values. Experimental evidence for the strain-induced Raman cross section changes is observed in single nanotube spectroscopy.
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PMID:Strain-induced interference effects on the resonance Raman cross section of carbon nanotubes. 1638 83

We introduce a new class of models for polymer collapse, given by random walks on regular lattices which are weighted according to multiple site visits. A Boltzmann weight omegal is assigned to each (l+1)-fold visited lattice site, and self-avoidance is incorporated by restricting to a maximal number K of visits to any site via setting omegal=0 for l>or=K. In this Letter we study this model on the square and simple cubic lattices for the case K=3. Moreover, we consider a variant of this model, in which we forbid immediate self-reversal of the random walk. We perform simulations for random walks up to n=1024 steps using FlatPERM, a flat histogram stochastic growth algorithm. We find evidence that the existence of a collapse transition depends sensitively on the details of the model and has an unexpected dependence on dimension.
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PMID:Self-avoiding random walk with multiple site weightings and restrictions. 1690 27

A steel ball impacting on a bed of very loose, fine sand results in a surprisingly vigorous jet which shoots up from the surface of the sand [D. Lohse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 198003 (2004)10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.198003]. When the ambient pressure p is reduced, the jet is found to be less vigorous [R. Royer, Nature Phys. 1, 164 (2005)10.1038/nphys175]. In this Letter we show that p also affects the rate of penetration of the ball: Higher pressure increases the rate of penetration, which makes the cavity created by the ball close deeper into the sand bed, where the hydrostatic pressure is stronger, thereby producing a more energetic collapse and jetting. The origin of the deeper penetration under normal ambient pressure is found to lie in the extra sand fluidization caused by the air flow induced by the falling ball.
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PMID:Role of air in granular jet formation. 1767 91

Spacetime singularities that arise in gravitational collapse are always hidden inside of black holes. This is the essence of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture. The hypothesis, put forward by Penrose 40 years ago, is still one of the most important open questions in general relativity. In this Letter, we reanalyze extreme situations which have been considered as counterexamples to the weak cosmic censorship conjecture. In particular, we consider the absorption of scalar particles with large angular momentum by a black hole. Ignoring back reaction effects may lead one to conclude that the incident wave may overspin the black hole, thereby exposing its inner singularity to distant observers. However, we show that when back reaction effects are properly taken into account, the stability of the black-hole event horizon is irrefutable. We therefore conclude that cosmic censorship is actually respected in this type of gedanken experiments.
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PMID:Weak cosmic censorship: as strong as ever. 1851 51


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