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Query: UMLS:C0344329 (collapse)
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Permeabilized PtK1 cells continue to undergo anaphase chromosome movements provided MgATP is included in the lysis medium. However, chromosome-to-pole movement (anaphase A) and spindle elongation (anaphase B) differ with respect to nucleotide requirements. The rate of anaphase B depends on the concentration of ATP in the lysis medium; two-thirds the maximal rate is observed in 0.2 mM ATP. However, other nucleotides, such as ITP, CTP and GTP, cannot substitute for ATP. Spindle elongation is blocked by the addition of nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs. ADP, AMP and inhibitors such as vanadate, the magnesium chelator EDTA and sulfhydryl reagents. Anaphase does no require exogenous ATP and is unaffected by these inhibitors. These results are consistent with "dynein-like" ATPase involvement during spindle elongation, and rule out the possibility of tubulin-dynein and actomyosin mechanochemistry during anaphase A. I suggest that chromosome-to-pole movement involves the collapse of an elastic component in the spindle. Force generation could be provided by microtubule depolymerization or by the contraction of a nonmicrotubule microtrabecular lattice.
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PMID:Nucleotide requirements for anaphase chromosome movements in permeabilized mitotic cells: anaphase B but not anaphase A requires ATP. 646 16

The effect of ATP and other nucleotides on the respiration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria was investigated. It was observed that ATP induced a stimulation of the respiration rate only in the presence of a salt in mitochondria from the baker's yeast Yeast Foam, whereas an ATP-induced stimulation occurred even in the absence of salt in mitochondria from three different laboratory strains. In both cases, the stimulation was related to a collapse of the transmembrane potential, suggesting the opening of ion- and/or proton-conducting pathways. Not only ATP, but also GTP and CTP, induced these pathways. Moreover, a similar stimulation was obtained with GDP and its analog GDP-beta-S. The fact that, as opposed to NTPs, GDP did not induce any non-specific anion channel, allowed us to use it to demonstrate unambiguously that a proton-conducting pathway was opened through the inner mitochondrial membrane of laboratory strains but not of Yeast Foam. Three additional aspects of this nucleotide-induced permeability were investigated. (i) The proton-conducting pathway was insensitive to Mg2+, whereas the anion-conducting pathway was fully inhibited by 4 mM Mg2-. (ii) The proton-conducting pathway of mitochondria isolated from laboratory strains was opened by the action of nucleotides outside the mitochondrion, since it was fully insensitive to (carboxy)atractyloside, and fully active in mitochondria isolated from op1 and delta anc strains. On the other hand, the cation-conducting pathway of Yeast Foam mitochondria was partly sensitive to (carboxy)atractyloside and insensitive to bongkrekic acid, suggesting a role of the conformational state of ANC in this activity. (iii) Both the proton and cation-conducting pathways were inhibited by very low concentrations of vanadate, under conditions where this oxyanion was polymerized to decavanadate: a competitor to nucleotide-binding sites on some enzymes.
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PMID:Conditions allowing different states of ATP- and GDP-induced permeability in mitochondria from different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 905 5

Many types of cancer, for example glioblastoma, show resistance against current anti-cancer treatments. One reason is that they are not capable to effectively activate their intracellular cell death pathways. Novel treatments designed to overcome these deficiencies in cancer cells present promising concepts to eradicate chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells. One of these approaches includes the membrane seeking compound erucylphosphohomocholine (ErPC3) which is part of the latest generation of alkylphospholipid analogs developed over the last two-and-a-half decades. ErPC3 exerts potent antineoplastic effects in animal models and against established cancer cell lines including, for example, glioblastoma and different types of leukemia, while sparing their normal counterparts. Starting with a historical survey, we report here on the anticancer activity of ErPC3 and on ErPC3's established mechanisms of action. We cover the current knowledge on the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis by ErPC3, including its interaction with the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO). In addition we discuss other signaling pathways modulated by ErPC3. Interaction with the TSPO leads to activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis cascade. This includes cardiolipin oxidation at mitochondrial levels, collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of cytochrome c, the initiating steps of the mitochondrial apoptosis cascade. Other pathways modulated by ErPC3 include different kinases for the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and the MAP kinase pathways. Furthermore, ErPC3's cytotoxic actions may include its effects on phosphatidylcholine synthesis to inhibit the endoplasmic reticulum enzyme CTP:phosphocholine cytidyltransferase. These basic research data hopefully will lead to effective approaches toward exploitation of ErPC3 for the treatment of cancer.
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PMID:Apoptosis induction by erucylphosphohomocholine via the 18 kDa mitochondrial translocator protein: implications for cancer treatment. 2462 35