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 28,634 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Despite the recent advances in the treatment strategies of peripheral nerve system defects, peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is still one of the most important health issues with increasing incidence worldwide. The most commonly used treatment approaches are allografts, xenografts, and autologous, which have some drawbacks, including complications, limited source of the donor tissue, tubular collapse, and scar tissue formation. In this context, regenerative medicine has been introduced as a powerful approach to improve the healing process and obtain acceptable functional recovery in the injury site using living cells, scaffold, and bioactive (macro-) molecules. Amongst them, scaffold as a three-dimensional (3D) support biomaterial, structurally bridged the gap or site of injury in order to provide physical and chemical cues to promote correct reinnervation and functional regeneration. Amongst different scaffolding biomaterials, naturally occurring biological macromolecules (more especially proteins and polysaccharides)-based hydrogels exhibited promising results due to their fascinating physicochemical, as well as physiologically relevant properties. This review highlights the recent progress in the development of natural hydrogels-based neural scaffolds. Furthermore, PNI healing process, current status, and challenges are also shortly discussed.
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PMID:Naturally occurring biological macromolecules-based hydrogels: Potential biomaterials for peripheral nerve regeneration. 3219 35

Central nervous system injury often causes lifelong impairment of neural function, because the regenerative ability of axons is limited, making a sharp contrast to the successful regeneration that is seen in the peripheral nervous system. Nevertheless, partial functional recovery is observed, because axonal branches of damaged or undamaged neurons sprout and form novel relaying circuits. Using a lot of animal models such as the spinal cord injury model or the optic nerve injury model, previous studies have identified many factors that promote or inhibit axonal regeneration or sprouting. Molecules in the myelin such as myelin-associated glycoprotein, Nogo-A or oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein, or molecules found in the glial scar such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, activate RhoA signaling, which leads to the collapse of the growth cone and inhibit axonal regeneration. By contrast, axonal regeneration programs can be activated by many molecules such as regeneration-associated transcription factors, cyclic AMP, neurotrophic factors, growth factors, mechanistic target of rapamycin or immune-related molecules. Axonal sprouting and axonal regeneration largely share these mechanisms. For functional recovery, appropriate pruning or suppressing of aberrant sprouting are also important. In contrast to adults, neonates show much higher sprouting ability. Specific cell types, various mouse strains and different species show higher regenerative ability. Studies focusing on these models also identified a lot of molecules that affect the regenerative ability. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of neural circuit repair will lead to the development of better therapeutic approaches for central nervous system injury.
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PMID:Neural circuit repair after central nervous system injury. 3327 Jan 8


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