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Phenomenological data are presented for panic attacks and non-panic anxiety in 159 patients. Anxiety episodes of sudden onset tend to have greater severity, more symptoms, and shorter duration and some distinctive cognitive features. This cluster of features emerged from the analysis as characteristic of the panic attack. There were no differences between situational and spontaneous attacks nor are attacks occurring in depressed patients different from those in-patients who suffered from anxiety disorders. The ideas characteristic of normal anxiety are directed towards ordeals in the future. It is the immediacy of the anxious cognitions of imminent death, collapse or becoming insane that are characteristic of panic attacks. A definition of panic attacks is suggested.
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PMID:The definition of panic attacks, Part I. 263 55

The article has presented a concept of the pathological fear of death as a categorically defined phenomenon and outlined its distinguishing features. In an attempt to account for the origin of the pathological fear of death, most weight has been given to developmental and structural abnormalities in the regulation and control of the primary and disruptive forms of anxiety. The additional contributing factors have also been taken into consideration: a defect in the defensive and symbolic representation of death, and a general collapse of defensive functioning, with regression to a state of infantile helplessness and revival of the infantile death cognitions. A role of the cognitive abnormalities in the genesis of the pathological fear of death has been examined in the panic attacks and hypochondriasis, while a developmentally determined, pervasive mistrust in the bodily functioning and bodily worth has been stressed as a factor that crucially predisposes to the pathological fear of death in hypochondriasis, and to the respective type of hypochondriasis as well. A relationship between panic disorder and hypochondriasis has been examined in the light of the pathological fear of death that they often share. Finally, the article has briefly dealt with the relevance of the pathological fear of death for diagnostic assessment and psychotherapy of patients with panic disorder and hypochondriasis. The concept of the pathological fear of death requires further study and refinement in the area of its descriptive demarcation, psychogenesis, and clinical application.
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PMID:Pathological fear of death, panic attacks, and hypochondriasis. 269 64

The recent identification of a new type of anxiety state, panic attack, has drawn attention to common pathways between panic disorder and cardiac somatization, particularly mitral valve collapse. A double-blind study was set up, using doppler-echocardiography during a panic attack induced by sodium lactate infusion. The results showed that there was no relationship between panic attack and mitral valve collapse, and that the lactate infusion-anxiety rate was only 35 percent.
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PMID:[Absence of mitral valve prolapse during panic attacks induced by sodium lactate]. 833 15

The authors' initial experience with awake videothoracoscopic lung resection suggests that these procedures can be easily and safely performed under sole thoracic epidural anesthesia with no mortality and negligible morbidity. One major concern was that operating on a ventilating lung would render surgical maneuvers more difficult because of the lung movements and lack of a sufficient operating space. Instead, the open pneumothorax created after trocar insertion produces a satisfactory lung collapse that does not hamper surgical maneuvers. These results contradict the accepted assumption that the main prerequisite for allowing successful thoracoscopic lung surgery is general anesthesia with one-lung ventilation. No particular training is necessary to accomplish an awake pulmonary resection for teams experienced in thoracoscopic surgery, and conversions to general anesthesia are mainly caused by the presence of extensive fibrous pleural adhesions or the development of intractable panic attacks. Overall, awake pulmonary resection is easily accepted and well tolerated by patients, as confirmed by the high anesthesia satisfaction score, which was better than in nonawake control patients. Nonetheless, thoracic epidural anesthesia has potential complications, including epidural hematoma, spinal cord injury, and phrenic nerve palsy caused by inadvertently high anesthetic level, but these never occurred in the authors' experience. Further concerns relate to patient participation in operating room conversations or risk for development of perioperative panic attacks. However, the authors have found that reassuring the patient during the procedure, explaining step-by-step what is being performed, and even showing the ongoing procedure on the operating video can greatly improve the perioperative wellness and expectations of patients, particularly if the procedure is performed for oncologic diseases. Panic attacks occurred in few patients and could be usually managed through moderately increasing the depth of sedation while maintaining spontaneous breathing. Finally, as long as the physiologic impact of awake metastasectomy is definitively elucidated, the authors believe this modality should be used for unilateral procedures, while deserving a staged bilateral approach for bilateral lung metastasectomy. Avoidance of general anesthesia results in a faster recovery with immediate return to many daily life activities, including drinking, eating, and walking, and a reduction in hospital stay and procedure-related costs. If confirmed with future studies, these results could advocate earlier resection of peripheral solitary pulmonary nodules, reducing the risk for delaying a diagnosis of unexpected pulmonary malignancy. Furthermore, potential new frontiers of awake thoracoscopic surgery might include assessment of feasibility and safety of anatomic resections in properly selected instances. Ethical and economical concerns push remorselessly for less frequent and less-invasive surgery. Administrators advocate minimal hospitalization and cost-saving treatments, whereas patients ultimately ask for appropriate health care. Thoracic surgeons of the third millennium must accept the challenge of this dynamic and rapidly evolving scenario without loosing the right root, which probably lays just between well-established conventional surgery techniques and newly available advanced technology tools. Awake thoracic surgery will benefit from evidence-based data that are progressively accumulating. Findings will stimulate experts to continue an active clinical investigation in this unpredictably evolving surgical field, which might ultimately lead to a better understanding of cardiorespiratory physiology and effects of the surgical pneumothorax and thoracic epidural anesthesia on perioperative, respiratory function in awake patients. As the Italian architect Renzo Piano recently stated, "Recovering in the past can be reassuring but the future is the only place where we can go."
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PMID:Awake operative videothoracoscopic pulmonary resections. 1883 9

Abuse of the psychoactive "designer drug" methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) has become a serious international public health concern because of the severity of its physical and behavioral toxicities. MDPV is the primary ingredient in so-called "bath salts," labeled as such to avoid criminal prosecution and has only been classified recently as a controlled substance in the United States and some other countries. However, it remains a danger because of illegal sources, including the Internet. MDPV is a synthetic, cathinone-derivative, central nervous system stimulant and is taken to produce a cocaine- or methamphetamine-like high. Administered via oral ingestion, nasal insufflation, smoking, intravenous or intramuscular methods, or the rectum, the intoxication lasts 6 to 8 hours and has high addictive potential. Overdoses are characterized by profound toxicities, causing increased attention by emergency department and law enforcement personnel. Physical manifestations range from tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias, hyperthermia, sweating, rhabdomyolysis, and seizures to those as severe as stroke, cerebral edema, cardiorespiratory collapse, myocardial infarction, and death. Behavioral effects include panic attacks, anxiety, agitation, severe paranoia, hallucinations, psychosis, suicidal ideation, self-mutilation, and behavior that is aggressive, violent, and self-destructive. Treatment is principally supportive and focuses on counteracting the sympathetic overstimulation, including sedation with intravenous benzodiazepines, seizure-prevention measures, intravenous fluids, close (eg, intensive care unit) monitoring, and restraints to prevent harm to self or others. Clinical presentation is often complicated by coingestion of other psychoactive substances that may alter the treatment approach. Clinicians need to be especially vigilant in that MDPV is not detected by routine drug screens and overdoses can be life-threatening.
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PMID:Psychoactive "bath salts" intoxication with methylenedioxypyrovalerone. 2268 91

It has become common to say psychiatric illnesses are brain diseases. This reflects a conception of the mental as being biologically based, though it is also thought that thinking of psychiatric illness this way will reduce the stigma attached to psychiatric illness. If psychiatric illnesses are brain diseases, however, it is not clear why psychiatry should not collapse into neurology, and some argue for this course. Others try to maintain a distinction by saying that neurology deals with abnormalities of neural structure while psychiatry deals with specific abnormalities of neural functioning. It is not clear that neurologists would accept this division, nor that they should. I argue that if we take seriously the notion that psychiatric illnesses are mental illnesses we can draw a more defensible boundary between psychiatry and neurology. As mental illnesses, psychiatric illnesses must have symptoms that affect our mental capacities and that the sufferer is capable of being aware of, even if they are not always self-consciously aware of them. Neurological illnesses, such as stroke or multiple sclerosis, may be diagnosed even if they are silent, just as the person may not be aware of having high blood pressure or may suffer a silent myocardial infarction. It does not make sense to speak of panic disorder if the person has never had a panic attack, however, or of bipolar disorder in the absence of mood swings. This does not mean psychiatric illnesses are not biologically based. Mental illnesses are illnesses of persons, whereas other illnesses are illnesses of biological individuals.
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PMID:Mental Illness And Brain Disease. 2644 62