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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of anaesthesia and surgery on the chest wall may be responsible for impaired gas exchange and other pulmonary complications during the perioperative period. Current evidence supports the following sequence of events. Anaesthesia changes the shape and motion of the chest wall, either by changing the amount of tonic and phasic activity of the respiratory muscles (anaesthesia with spontaneous breathing) or by eliminating the activity entirely (paralysis with mechanical ventilation). These primary changes in chest wall function lead to secondary changes in lung function, including the formation of dependent lung atelectasis. Recent advances in imaging of the thorax have called into question traditional understanding of the mechanisms by which anaesthesia alters chest wall function. For example, it is now apparent that anaesthesia reduces the functional residual capacity not by changing the position of the diaphragm, but rather by affecting the rib cage, and, perhaps, the volume of intrathoracic blood. The effects of anaesthesia and surgery on postoperative chest wall function may be lessened by regional analgesia and the use of laparoscopic surgical techniques. However, it is not yet clear that this improvement is associated with a reduction in the incidence of pulmonary complications.
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PMID:Anaesthesia and chest wall function. 797 33

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of chronic naltrexone on associative and non-associative morphine tolerance. Rats were given nine injections of either naltrexone (5 mg/kg) or saline during a 5 day period. Following this pretreatment, all rats received 6 morphine injections (5 mg/kg) during the next 14 days. For half the rats in each pretreatment condition, morphine was injected in a distinctive room (paired) while the other half received morphine in the home cage (unpaired). All rats were given the seventh morphine injection (5 mg/kg) in the distinctive room and tested for analgesia. Context-specific tolerance was found in both pretreatment conditions. Compared to pretreatment with saline, naltrexone pretreatment produced more analgesia in the unpaired condition but had no effect in the paired condition. These results suggest that antagonist pretreatment attenuated tolerance that was not mediated by explicit environmental cues but had no effect on context-specific analgesic tolerance.
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PMID:The effect of chronic naltrexone pretreatment on associative vs. non-associative morphine tolerance. 798 61

Anxiety has been implicated in the acute nonopioid analgesic reaction seen in defeated mice. In the present study, behavioural responses to the elevated plus-maze test were examined in male DBA/2 mice immediately following defeat by an experienced aggressive conspecific. Compared to home-cage controls, defeat reduced total arm entries and rearing, although anxiety enhancement was indicated by decreases in percent open-arm entries and percent time spent on the open arms. These effects were accompanied by significant increases in nonexploratory behaviour (movement arrest and grooming) and risk assessment (closed arm returns, protected head dipping, and stretch-attend postures). This anxiogenic effect of social defeat was partially replicated in mice merely exposed to the scent of an aggressive male conspecific. The specificity of present findings to socially relevant stressors was confirmed by the general lack of effect on plus-maze behaviour of prior exposure to a novel cage or to interaction with a nonaggressive male. Present results are not only consistent with the anxiety hypothesis of defeat analgesia but also show that the elevated plus-maze test is sensitive to alterations in anxiety produced by ecologically relevant stimuli. Possible implications for pharmacological studies are discussed.
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PMID:Anxiety enhancement in the murine elevated plus maze by immediate prior exposure to social stressors. 844 2

When morphine administration is paired with a distinctive context, tolerance to morphine's analgesic effects comes readily under the associative control of the drug-paired context. These associative tolerance effects are eliminated when a relatively short (i.e., 6 h) interdose interval (IDI) is used for conditioning. Contemporary models of learned tolerance explain the absence of learning at short IDIs by positing that residual morphine effects from a recent drug exposure disrupt the formation of drug-context associations. The present studies examined the impact of unsignaled morphine injections given 6 h prior to drug-context pairings on the development of associative tolerance. Analgesia was measured by the tail-flick method, and tolerance levels were assessed by dose-response curve methodology. Morphine preexposure had no detectable influence on the acquisition of associative tolerance when rats were tested immediately after conditioning, after a 30-day rest interval, or after a 30-day period of daily saline injections in their home-cage environment. These data suggest disruption of associative tolerance effects at short IDIs is not attributable to residual effects of morphine from the immediately preceding trial.
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PMID:Unsignaled morphine delivery does not disrupt the development of associative morphine tolerance in the rat. 874 31

In female rats, vaginocervical stimulation induces neuroendocrine responses necessary for pregnancy as well as analgesia to a variety of noxious stimuli. In this study, Fos immunocytochemistry was used to detect vaginocervical stimulation-induced changes in the activity of spinal neurons at levels T11-S3, segments known to receive afferent input from nerves which innervate the reproductive tract. Adult ovariectomized estrogen and progesterone-treated rats were killed 1 h after receiving mating stimulation from males, which included five or 15 intromissions, mounts-without-intromission by use of either vaginal masks or genitally-anaesthetized males, or immediately after being removed from their home cages. At all spinal levels, Fos labelling was lowest in the home cage group (50 +/- 22 cells), intermediate in the groups receiving intromissions (84 +/- 8 and 118 +/- 22 cells) and highest in groups receiving mounts-without-intromission stimulation (187 +/- 21 and 218 +/- 35 cells). Significant increases above control levels following intromissive stimulation were observed at levels L6, S1 and S2. Surprisingly, both groups receiving mounts-without-intromission showed significantly higher numbers of Fos-positive cells than did the fully mated groups at all levels. Analysis of selected spinal segments by Rexed's laminae revealed that intromissive stimulation increased Fos labelling above control levels in laminae II-V and X at L6, and laminae I, II, V and X at S1; vaginocervical stimulation did not increase labelling at L1. The greater Fos responses seen in mounts-without-intromission animals than in control or intromitted animals were apparent at L1, L6 and S1 within the same laminae (II-V and X). These results suggest that stimulation of the uterine cervix initiates activity within L6-S2 neurons which receive pelvic nerve afferents and that such stimulation suppresses activity at all levels within populations of neurons normally activated by cutaneous somatic inputs received from male mounts. As antinociceptive agents are known to suppress c-fos expression, vaginocervical stimulation received during natural mating may be capable of initiating spinal and/or brain mechanisms of analgesia.
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PMID:Vaginocervical stimulation suppresses the expression of c-fos induced by mating in thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments of the female rat. 884 89

The formalin test was used to measure the analgesia induced by restraint in male and female rats. Animals were restrained for 30 min or left undisturbed in their cage and then (1) killed immediately to collect blood for hormonal determinations; or (2) subcutaneously injected with formalin in the hind paw (or sham-injected), introduced to an open field for recording of behaviour, and killed at the end of this procedure. In both experiments, corticosterone was found to be higher in females. In Experiment 1, the ability of restraint to be stressful was confirmed by the increase in corticosterone in both sexes and by the decrease of testosterone in males. In Experiment 2, restraint-treatment induced a reduction in licking and flexing that was limited to the second phase. The reduction occurred in different periods and to a different degree in the two sexes; it was greater in females. Spontaneous behaviours showed sex differences in restraint-treated but not in formalin-treated animals. The results show that the hormonal effects observed after restraint are not present after the formalin test and that the marked analgesia observed with phasic painful stimuli does not occur with a longer-lasting one such as that induced by formalin, after which only partial and short-lasting effects were observed.
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PMID:Behavioural and hormonal effects of restraint stress and formalin test in male and female rats. 976 90

One hundred and sixty-six behaviours were identified as possible indices of post-operative pain-induced distress in the bitch. These were assessed in bitches after treatment with different combinations of halothane and butorphanol in the absence of surgery and following ovariohysterectomy under halothane anaesthesia with or without butorphanol analgesia given at different stages during the operation. Behaviour was monitored while the bitches were alone (non-interactive) and when routinely examined and handled prior to blood sampling (interactive). Seventy-six of the 166 behaviours occurred so infrequently (less than two occurrences per hour) as to be of no value as indices. Non-interactive behaviours associated with surgery were a decrease in normal speed cage circling and an increase in drawing the rear limbs up in the pike position. The infrequent non-interactive behaviours of incision licking, vomiting and flank gazing were considered to be expressions of pain caused by ovariohysterectomy. During the post-surgical period, bitches given analgesic moved less frequently than those not receiving analgesic. Vocalisation was associated with dysphoria of analgesia rather than pain-induced distress. The behaviour of bitches after ovariohysterectomy suggests that this is a painful procedure which warrants analgesia.
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PMID:The effects of ovariohysterectomy plus different combinations of halothane anaesthesia and butorphanol analgesia on behaviour in the bitch. 1087 74

Previous animal stress studies have illustrated the marked impact of coping on subsequent behavior and physiology by using shock as the stressor. The current study evaluates the generality of shock stress controllability effects in a new swim stress paradigm on several dependent measures: behavioral despair, analgesia, shuttlebox escape, and alcohol reactivity. In this new paradigm, rats in the escape group are able to learn the behavioral response as evidenced by significant reduction in the acquisition of a lever press response. Both escape and yoked subjects showed "behavioral despair" in comparison to both restrained and home cage controls when tested 24 h later. In the standard shuttlebox escape task 24-h post-stress, no group differences emerged, although a trend for poorer performance in the yoked subjects was evident. No group differences were observed in pain sensitivity after the first or second forced swim exposure. Finally, stress controllability effects were observed in behavioral reactivity to alcohol 2-h post-stress as measured by rotarod performance. This effect is opposite to the previous observations with the tailshock stress controllability paradigm. These results suggest that (1) there are certain similarities, but some fundamental differences between the behavioral endpoints measured following intermittent swim stress in comparison to the well-established effects of the intermittent tailshock stress model and (2) the qualitative nature of a stressor may markedly influence the behavioral and physiological consequences of stress and coping.
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PMID:Behavioral analysis of stress controllability effects in a new swim stress paradigm. 1126 31

The objective of this study was to establish an effective post-operative analgesic regimen for Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Dark Agouti (DA) rats. Buprenorphine (0.01 or 0.05 mg/kg), a partial mu opioid agonist, was administered subcutaneously immediately on completion of a standardized surgical procedure, involving anaesthesia, laparotomy and visceral manipulation. Two of the four treatment groups and the saline control group received a second injection 9 h later. Behavioural observations by three independent observers provided no information in assessing pain in this model. All rats lost weight, consumed less food and water after surgery. On the first day, both SD and DA rats receiving buprenorphine lost less weight than untreated control groups. Using weight loss as an efficacy criterion, low-dose buprenorphine, given once or twice, provided effective analgesia in SD rats. A higher single dose provided no additional benefit and a second dose was detrimental, reducing body weight and food intake. In DA rats, the high dose, given twice, appeared to be more effective than the lower dose. All DA cage cohorts consumed < 10% pre-operative food despite buprenorphine treatment, suggesting a higher dosage may be necessary. However, all SD and 80% DA rats who received no buprenorphine gained body weight on the second day, whereas most of the buprenorphine-treated rats continued to lose weight for another 2 days, despite increased food consumption by both strains. Buprenorphine may adversely affect intestinal function over a number of days due to its enterohepatic circulation; this effect may be more severe in DA rats. Adverse metabolic effects of buprenorphine and other opioids may preclude their use in the future if it can be shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) provide equally effective analgesia.
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PMID:Influence of buprenorphine analgesia on post-operative recovery in two strains of rats. 1145 4

Although pain management is an emerging and popular topic in veterinary medicine, use of analgesics in cats has received little attention relative to their canine counterparts. Some of the difficulty lies in assessment of whether or not a cat is in pain. Simple observation of a cat in a cage relies upon overt expression of pain, and is often inaccurate. Pain scales have been developed that allow a semiquantitative evaluation of the degree of pain an animal may be experiencing. However, treating pain based upon observation of the painful state is less effective than anticipating and preemptively treating pain. This article reviews specific methods for preemptively treating and alleviating pain in the cat. The traditional approach to pain management involves drug administration. Specific categories of agents used in cats include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, or alpha-2 agonists. Other modalities of pain management, which are also reviewed, include use of local anesthetic drugs for local and regional analgesia, as well as acupuncture.
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PMID:Clinical pain management techniques for cats. 1258 79


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