Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although it has recently been reported that defeated male mice evidence an acute non-opioid analgesia, little is currently known about the specific features of the defeat experience with which the analgesic reaction is associated. The present experiments not only confirm that defeat experience reliably induces acute antinociception in intruder mice, but show that a similar reaction also occurs as a consequence of exposure to an aggressive resident which does not attack during the brief test period, a well-characterized non-aggressive resident and the 'unoccupied' soiled home cage of an aggressive resident. Results also indicated that, with appropriate exposure duration, scent alone can give rise to a quantitatively similar analgesia to that observed in defeated mice. Furthermore, time-course comparisons and the absence of naloxone antagonism suggest that 'scent' and 'defeat' analgesias are mediated via a common non-opioid mechanism. Data are discussed in relation to the ecological significance of urinary odours in social communication in mice.
 ...
PMID:Resident's scent: a critical factor in acute analgesic reaction to defeat experience in male mice. 301 77

The reasons reduction and replacement of laboratory animals are advancing rapidly in basic biomedical research, and why in industrial toxicology progress is much slower, are analyzed. Reference is made to a previous report from our laboratory, and the general concept of the program is outlined. Encouraging developments concerning acceptance of new concepts in acute toxicity testing by various regulatory agencies are reviewed (OECD, IKS, EEC, and Bureau of Pharmaceutical Affairs, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan). On the basis of new concepts proposed by the British Toxicology Society, a program which attempts to evaluate acute toxicity of chemicals as far as possible without causing mortality was started. Continuous in-cage monitoring of motility of animals, regular control of general health, body weight, food and water consumption, and body temperature are used as variables. The possibilities of reducing animal use in toxicology by application of toxicological screening procedures are explained. Screening tests under development include an operant conditioning technique to detect adverse drug interactions with ethanol and a procedure for the detection of nephrotoxic properties. The successful completion of a collaborative program designed to upgrade toxicity testing with contraceptive steroids and to abolish the 7-year beagle and 10-year monkey studies is reported. The application of in vitro cytotoxicity tests for assessment of irritant and corrosive properties of chemicals is discussed and some encouraging progress on regulatory acceptance of such tests (OECD) is reported. A new test developed at the institute is described. An in vitro model for the investigation of chemically induced changes of collagen synthesis in human fibroblasts is presented. Other cell culture methods under development include a culture system of chick brain, retina, and menings cells for the study of neurotoxic chemicals and neurobehavioral teratogens, primary hepatocyte cultures for the study of drug effects on DNA and protein synthesis and ploidy, using flow cytometry, and various in vitro models for the assessment of genotoxic and tumor-promoting activities and malignant cell transformation. The problem of analgesic treatment of animals with chronic pain was investigated. Several analgesics were evaluated, and treatment modalities providing demonstrable analgesia for prolonged periods of time in mice and rats were worked out.
 ...
PMID:Reduction and replacement of laboratory animals in toxicological testing and research. Interim report 1984-1987. 307 63

This study was undertaken to evaluate unilateral diaphragmatic dysfunction within ten days after blunt chest trauma. Thirty patients with unilateral chest injury, or predominantly one-sided injuries, were investigated in the supine position, under analgesia. Right and left hemidiaphragm displacement (DD) was measured, using digital subtraction radiography, during quiet and forced breathing. The diaphragmatic contribution to breathing was determined by rib cage and abdominal circumference measurement changes. In both breathing modes, DD of the injured side was lower than DD of the uninjured side (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.001). Six patients had complete diaphragmatic motionlessness. The inspired air volume due to diaphragmatic motion (Vab) was reduced when compared to normal subjects and Vab/VT ratio was always found to be less than 0.65. The degree of diaphragmatic dysfunction appeared related to injury location and is most severe in injuries of the lower chest which implies direct diaphragm muscle injury, although other mechanisms may be implicated. Diaphragmatic dysfunction can contribute to respiratory failure in these patients, and should be considered.
 ...
PMID:Unilateral diaphragmatic dysfunction in blunt chest trauma. 327 5

Exposure of rats for 2 min to a new environment (a 50 X 25 X 25-cm box) induced a mild analgesia measured by the tail-flick method. Additional stressful stimuli (0.5 mA, 1.5-s footshocks, light flashes, or tones) presented during the 2-min exposure did not alter the analgesia. However, the postexposure presentation of light flashes or tones, for either 10 s or 2 min, while the animals were alone in a waiting cage, prevented the analgesic response. Similarly, placing the subjects with their conspecifics in the home cage for 2 min after the exposure prevented the analgesic response. The data suggest that the analgesia may represent a physiological correlate of novelty and that the response can be impaired by post-training treatments.
 ...
PMID:Analgesia induced by exposure to a novel environment in rats: effect of concurrent and post-training stressful stimulation. 367 22

Thirty-six patients received spinal anesthesia with either glucose-free bupivacaine (22.5 mg) or glucose-containing solutions of bupivacaine (20 mg) or tetracaine (15 mg). The duration of analgesia in the lower thoracic and lumbar segments was significantly longer with glucose-free bupivacaine than with the other solutions. Using a quantitative method for measuring muscle strength, the motor block was recorded for three types of movements: hip flexion, knee extension and plantar flexion of the big toe. Movements of the lower part of the thoracic cage were recorded at the same time. The length of time from spinal injection to complete motor block was short and without notable difference between all three groups. Regression of the motor block tended to start earlier for hip flexion and knee extension than for plantar flexion of the big toe. For all three movements the regression of the motor block began significantly later in the glucose-free bupivacaine group than in the other groups. During the regression phase, muscle strength returned significantly later in the glucose-free bupivacaine group than in the bupivacaine group containing glucose and knee extension returned significantly later in the glucose-free bupivacaine group than in the tetracaine group. No difference in motor block was found between the hyperbaric solutions of bupivacaine and tetracaine. For hip flexion (L1-L3), there was no noteworthy difference between the level of analgesia and the motor block segments, whereas for plantar flexion of the big toe (L5-S2) the level of analgesia lay 2-3 segments higher than the motor block segments. In seven patients, during spinal anaesthesia there was a reduction in respiratory deflections corresponding to the lower thorax.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:A comparison of bupivacaine and tetracaine in spinal anaesthesia with special reference to motor block. 397 25

Sensory and motor blockade were studied double-blind during spinal anaesthesia in 20 urology patients who received 0.5% bupivacaine solution 4 ml with or without glucose. Using a new method for determining muscle strength, motor blockade during anaesthesia was recorded quantitatively for flexion of the hip, extension of the knee and plantar flexion of the big toe. Movements of the lower part of the thoracic cage were recorded at the same time. Complete motor blockade of longer duration was observed for all three movements following the administration of the glucose-free solution compared with the solution containing glucose. During the regression phase, the muscle strength returned significantly later (knee extension and hip flexion) when glucose-free bupivacaine solution was given. There was no significant difference between the two anaesthetic solutions regarding plantar flexion of the big toe during this phase. For hip flexion (L1-L3) there was no noteworthy difference between the levels of analgesia and the motor blockade, whereas for plantar flexion of the big toe (L5-S2) the level of analgesia was 2-3 segments higher than the level of motor blockade. Thoracic movements (maximal inspiration to normal expiration) did not appear to be notably influenced by the level of analgesia. Complete regression of motor blockade was not observed for any of the movements at grade O of a modified Bromage scale. Not until 1.5-2 h after the attainment of this grade was the muscle strength of all movements restored (90% of control value).
 ...
PMID:A double-blind study of motor blockade in the lower limbs. Studies during spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric and glucose-free 0.5% bupivacaine. 404 23

In the last seven years 283 trauma patients were treated for multiple rib fractures and/or flail chest. Primary management consisted of only morphine analgesia in 16 patients, TEA in 112 patients, and mechanical ventilation in 155 patients. The indication for mechanical ventilation was always associated injuries (cerebral contusion, para- and tetraplegia, aspiration, severe lung contusion) and not the instability of the thoracic cage.
 ...
PMID:[Thoracic epidural analgesic (TEA) or controlled ventilation in the treatment of patients with multiple rib fractures (author's transl)]. 721 72

Tolerance to morphine analgesia was examined using the Formalin test in which pain lasting about 2 hrs associated with minor tissue injury is produced by subcutaneous injection of dilute Formalin. To distinguish behavioral from pharmacological tolerance, different groups of rats received their daily morphine injection (7 mg/kg) in the test environment or in their home environment for 5 days. Another group of rats was given morphine for 15 days in the home cage followed by 5 days in the test environment. None of the morphine injected groups differed from saline injected control groups in the amount of analgesia. These findings add to previous evidence that the Formalin test measures a type of pain which is different from that assessed in withdrawal reflex tests, and which more closely resembles clinical pain in man. Moreover, the fact that analgesia in the Formalin test shows little tolerance while analgesia in withdrawal tests shows rapid tolerance suggests that the underlying neural mechanisms are different.
 ...
PMID:Apparent lack of tolerance in the formalin test suggests different mechanisms for morphine analgesia in different types of pain. 729 Dec 66

The human intercostal space has been studied by excision of the posterior part of the rib cage at autopsy, followed by fixation, decalcification, section and staining. Injection of India ink was used to simulate local anaesthetic. At a point 7 cm from the midline, the distance from the posterior aspect of the rib to the pleura averaged 8 mm. The intercostal nerve usually comprises a number of small bundles without any enclosing fascial sheath. The bundles lie in a triangular space bounded by the rib, the posterior intercostal membrane and the intercostalis intima muscle. The first two appear impervious to the spread of an injected solution, but the last permits spread of the injection round the internal aspect of the rib to gain access to the intercostal spaces above and below that into which the injection has been made. An injection of 3 ml will also spread medially to enter the paravertebral space and surround the sympathetic chain. A small clinical study gave excellent analgesia after operation for a mean duration of 12.3 h following unilateral intercostal block with 3 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% (with adrenaline) into each of the intercostal spaces T5-11, before cholecystectomy through a subcostal incision. There were no complications in the series.
 ...
PMID:Posterior intercostal nerve block for pain relief after cholecystectomy. Anatomical basis and efficacy. 737 Jan 41

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in rats may communicate "affective" states during pain, sex and aggression. This proposal was evaluated in an experiment with adult male Long-Evans rats during agonistic encounters; specifically, morphine and naltrexone effects were studied on different types of USV by intruder rats exposed to resident attacks and to "threat of attacks" (i.e., intruder residing within the home cage of the resident but prevented from physical contact by a wire mesh cage). Intruders readily emitted USV during agonistic encounters. These calls consisted primarily of two distinct distributions of pure tone whistles: 0.3-3 s, 19-32 kHz ("low") calls and 0.02-0.3 s, 32-64 kHz ("high") calls. Sonographic analysis revealed a considerable repertoire of frequency modulated calls. Different types of vocalizations proved to be differentially sensitive to the opiate treatments: morphine (1-10 mg/kg SC) dose-dependently decreased the rate, duration and pitch of both low and high frequency USV during the threat of attack; this decrease in rate and duration measures was naltrexone-reversible (0.1 mg/kg IP). Interestingly, audible vocalizations were also emitted but were unaffected by morphine in this dose range. Concomitant with the decrease in USV after morphine was a dose-dependent decrease in rearing, walking and nasal contact behavior with increases in submissive crouch behavior and tail flick analgesia. The decreases in rate and duration of both low and high USV and the pitch of specific frequency modulated calls after morphine administration may reflect an attenuation of affective aspects of pain, and the many characteristics of US (rate, duration, pitch, frequency modulation, pre-and suffix attributes and temporal structure) point to potentially diverse functions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Morphine attenuates ultrasonic vocalization during agonistic encounters in adult male rats. 787 Sep 76


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>