Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Piezoelectric second generation lithotriptors are an established means of administering extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) enabling treatment to be performed without anaesthesia or analgesia, but higher shockwave doses and multiple or staged treatment are frequently required. The bioeffects of this modality of ESWL, therefore, require further assessment. Seven experimental groups of adult male rabbits were treated using the EDAP LT.01 in order to determine the acute and chronic bioeffects of clinical dose, excess dose, divided excess dose, high frequency and multiple treatment (X10) piezoelectric shockwaves (PSW). Renal function was measured before and after treatment using mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG 3) scans. Gross and histological morphological changes were assessed at one and 30 days following application of PSW. Application of single clinical dose PSW was not associated with any significant functional or morphological renal injury. Excess dose PSW caused transient gross renal contusion, which resolved in the majority of animals with no persistent microscopic abnormality. Divided excess dose PSW resulted in no gross or microscopic damage. High frequency PSW was associated with mild histological abnormality. Multiple PSW treatments caused small discrete fibrotic lesions in all cases, without any change in renal function.
 ...
PMID:Acute and chronic bioeffects of single and multiple doses of piezoelectric shockwaves (EDAP LT.01). 182 66

Though opioid receptors are more difficult to purify and characterize than other cell surface receptors, significant progress has been made in the past several years. At least a dozen groups have now reported purification of opioid-binding proteins, either in a form that retains ligand-binding properties, or in a covalently bound form. Although there are some discrepancies in the molecular weights of these proteins, it is significant that many investigators have reported a molecular weight of about 60 kd for the receptor, regardless of whether it is of the mu, delta, or kappa type. This finding, together with immunological evidence, suggests that different opioid receptor types may be highly similar, and could conceivably even share a common ligand-binding subunit. Several groups have prepared monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to purified opioid-binding proteins, which should be useful in mapping the brain regional distribution of the opioid receptors, determining the regions in the peptide involved in ligand binding and association with second messengers, and in determining the relationships among different opioid receptor types. One group has in fact already established an antigenic similarity between a mu-selective opioid-binding protein in mammalian brain, and the delta opioid receptor in NG108-15 neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells. One group has reported cloning of the cDNA for a purified opioid-binding protein. Somewhat surprisingly, its predicted amino acid sequence places it in the immunoglobulin superfamily, with strongest homologies to cell-adhesion molecules such as N-CAM. MAG, amalgam and fasciclin II, as well as receptors for peptides such as PDGF and interleukin-6. However, this is consistent with evidence that opioids can modulate cell-cell interactions of monocytes, and provides further support for links between opioids and the immune system. The second messengers mediating opioid actions are still unknown. Opioid agonists affect the activity of adenylate cyclase and ion channels in some tissues, but neither has been shown to mediate opioid analgesia. The sequence homologies of the purified opioid-binding protein OBCAM with tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors suggest additional possibilities for second messengers.
 ...
PMID:Molecular characterization of opioid receptors. 216 Jul 90

The contribution to anesthesia by nalbuphine was determined in rats by measurement of the reduction in the anesthetic requirement for cyclopropane produced by increasing doses of nalbuphine while maintaining a constant level of anesthesia (MAC). The respiratory effect of nalbuphine was evaluated by measurement of arterial PCO2 at this constant MAG level. The response produced by the addition of morphine to a constant dose of nalbuphine in further reducing the cyclopropane anesthetic requirement was also evaluated, as was the effect on arterial PCO2. The anesthetic contribution of nalbuphine was dose dependent until a plateau contribution of 0.22 MAC was achieved. Arterial PCO2 increased to a plateau level of 48 torr with nalbuphine administration from a PCO2 of 41 torr with cyclopropane alone. Further increase in PCO2 did not occur until exceedingly high nalbuphine doses were used. Morphine did not supplement the anesthetic contribution of nalbuphine, and there was no increase in PCO2 when morphine was added in nalbuphine during cyclopropane anesthesia. These results suggest that nalbuphine produces analgesia by acting at kappa opioid receptors and that nalbuphine binds but produces minimal effects on mu opioid receptors within the central nervous system.
 ...
PMID:Anesthetic potency of nalbuphine and interaction with morphine in rats. 679 25