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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Few studies have investigated the effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on analgesia. We developed inflammatory pain models via complete Freund's adjuvant injection over the hind paw in CD1 mice. Various doses of magnetite (Fe3O4) NPs were injected into the paw. Analgesia behavior was checked with von Frey microfilament and thermal irradiation measurements. Paw skin tissues were harvested at the maximal analgesia time point. The presence of activated white cells (CD68, myeloperoxidase) and free radical (reactive oxygen species, ROS) production was also checked. Western blotting was used to identify the changes of ROS production enzymes. Fe3O4 NPs demonstrated a dose-related analgesia effect with significant reduction in inflammatory cells, pro-inflammatory markers, and ROS production in the lesion paw. ROS production enzyme expression also declined. The results indicate that local Fe3O4 NP administration induced significant analgesia via attenuation of inflammatory cell infiltration and pro-inflammatory signaling as well as scavenging of microenvironment free radicals in a mouse inflammatory pain model.
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PMID:The analgesia efficiency of ultrasmall magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in mice chronic inflammatory pain model. 2853 74

Recent studies have revealed some of the most frequently used analgesics in mice are not effectively treating postoperative pain. Our laboratory sought to compare and assess the validity and reliability of 2 cageside pain assessments that we recently developed for use in mice-nesting consolidation and grooming transfer tests. We then applied these tests to compare the efficacy of commonly used analgesics-buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg SC every 12 h for 48 h) and carprofen (30 mg/kg in drinking water for 72 h)-alone and in multimodal combination as a refinement for treating postoperative pain in mice. Briefly, C57BL/6 and CD1 male and female mice underwent assessment under conditions of baseline, anesthesia-analgesia, and laparotomy. Results showed that multimodal analgesia displayed the greatest analgesic coverage over the postoperative period, whereas buprenorphine showed slightly less coverage, and carprofen and saline groups displayed signs of pain at most postoperative time points. After anesthesia-analgesia, buprenorphine and multimodal mice lost significant body weight in the absence of a painful stimulus and displayed other significant drug-related changes. Animals treated with carprofen showed few drug-related changes after anesthesia-analgesia but also demonstrated minimal benefit from postsurgical analgesia. Overall, multimodal analgesia was more effective for treating postsurgical pain in mice than the single-analgesic protocols we tested; however, effects on weight loss need to be considered during analgesic selection. Nesting consolidation and grooming transfer tests were valid and highly reliable over time, in inbred and outbred mice, in male and female mice, under different housing conditions. In addition, the nesting consolidation test had excellent reliability between observers. These findings can be used in refining the detection and treatment of postoperative pain in mice.
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PMID:Using Cageside Measures to Evaluate Analgesic Efficacy in Mice (Mus musculus) after Surgery. 2955 8

Clinical use of neurotoxins from Clostridium botulinum is well established and is continuously expanding, including in treatment of pain conditions. Background: The serotype A (BoNT/A) has been widely investigated, and current data demonstrate that it induces analgesia and modulates nociceptive processing initiated by inflammation or nerve injury. Given that data concerning the serotype B (BoNT/B) are limited, the aim of the present study was to verify if also BoNT/B is able not only to counteract neuropathic pain, but also to interfere with inflammatory and regenerative processes associated with the nerve injury. Methods: As model of neuropathic pain, chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve was performed in CD1 male mice. Mice were intraplantarly injected with saline (control) or BoNT/B (5 or 7.5 pg/mouse) into the injured hindpaw. For comparison, another mouse group was injected with BoNT/A (15 pg/mouse). Mechanical allodynia and functional recovery of the injured paw was followed for 101 days. Spinal cords and sciatic nerves were collected at day 7 for immunohistochemistry. Results and Conclusions: The results of this study show that BoNT/B is a powerful biological molecule that, similarly to BoNT/A, can reduce neuropathic pain over a long period of time. However, the analgesic effects are not associated with an improvement in functional recovery, clearly highlighting an important difference between the two serotypes for the treatment of this chronic pain state.
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PMID:Botulinum Toxin B Affects Neuropathic Pain but Not Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury in a Mouse Model. 2956 40

Identifying early indicators of distress in mice is difficult using either periodic monitoring or current technology. Likewise, poor pain identification remains a barrier to providing appropriate pain relief in many mouse models. The Time to Incorporate to Nest Test (TINT), a binary measure of the presence or absence of nesting behavior, was developed as a species-specific method of identifying moderate to severe distress and pain in mice. The current study was designed to evaluate alterations in nesting behavior after routine surgery and to validate the TINT's ability to measure pain-related behavioral changes. CD1 mice undergoing carotid artery catheterization as part of a commercial surgical cohort were randomly assigned various nesting, surgery, and analgesia conditions. To provide context for the TINT outcomes, we measured other variables affected by pain, such as weight loss, food consumption, and scores derived from the Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS). Mice that had surgery were more likely to have a negative TINT score as compared with controls. All mice were more likely to fail the TINT after receiving postoperative buprenorphine, suggesting that buprenorphine may have contributed to the failures. The TINT, MGS live scoring, and scoring MGS images all loaded strongly on a single component in a principal component analysis, indicating strong convergent validity between these measures. These data indicate that the TINT can provide a quick, objective indicator of altered welfare in mice, with the potential for a wide range of uses.
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PMID:Tell-tale TINT: Does the Time to Incorporate into Nest Test Evaluate Postsurgical Pain or Welfare in Mice? 3186 18

Buprenorphine is a commonly used opioid for mitigating pain in laboratory mice after surgical procedures; however, the dosing interval necessary for standard buprenorphine may require treatment every 4 to 6 h to maintain an adequate plane of analgesia. An alternative formulation that provides prolonged plasma concentration with long-lasting effects would be beneficial in achieving steady-state analgesia. We evaluated a long-lasting and highly concentrated formulation of buprenorphine(Bup-LHC) in mice. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to assess plasma concentrations in male C57BL/6J (B6)and female CD1 mice after subcutaneous injection of 0.9 mg/kg. The Bup-LHC formulation provided plasma drug levels that exceeded the therapeutic level for at least 12 h in male B6 mice and was below therapeutic levels by 8 h in female CD1 mice. An experimental laparotomy model was used to assess analgesic efficacy. Female CD1 mice were treated with either Bup-LHC (0.9 mg/kg) or saline at 1 h before undergoing an ovariectomy via a ventral laparotomy. At 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after surgery, pain was assessed based on the following behaviors: orbital tightness, grooming, wound licking, rearing, arched posture, ataxia, piloerection, nest building, and general activity. At 3 and 6 h after surgery, Bup-LHC-treated mice had significantly less wound licking and orbital tightness and considerably higher activity levels than did saline-treated mice. At 12 h, wound licking, orbital tightness and activity in Bup-LHC-treated mice were no longer significantly different from those of saline-treated mice. The results of this study suggest that Bup-LHC at 0.9 mg/kg provides sufficient plasma concentrations for analgesia in mice for 6 to 12 h after administration, as demonstrated behaviorally for at least 6 h after surgery.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of a Long-lasting, Highly Concentrated Buprenorphine Solution in Mice. 3299 47


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