Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a study of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory and analgesic agents, a series of 1,3-dihydro-3-(substituted phenyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ones-and 3-(substituted phenyl)triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines was prepared. Many of the imidazolones were alkylated on the free nitrogen. In a modified Randall-Selitto analgesic assay, the pain thresholds of both the inflamed and normal foot were elevated. This is not commonly observed with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. The most active compounds were 1,3-dihydro-3[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-one (I-15) and its N-allyl (I-21) and N-isopropyl (I-121) derivatives. In the triazole series the 3-(2-fluoro- and 2,4-difluorophenyl)triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines (T-1 and T-8) were the best. The imidazole compounds were somewhat superior in analgesic activity to codeine and d-propoxyphene without showing any narcotic characteristics. Some of the compounds also possessed activity against carrageenan-induced foot edema in the rat, so these compounds represent a new class of nonnarcotic analgesic antiinflammatories, capable of producing a greater degree of analgesia than that obtainable with other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents.
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PMID:Synthesis and analgesic activity of 1,3-dihydro-3-(substituted phenyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ones and 3-(substituted phenyl)-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines. 30 50

Postoperative nitrogen balance was monitored in twelve patients undergoing hysterectomy under either epidural analgesia or general anaesthesia. The mean cumulative five-day nitrogen losses were significantly lower after epidural analgesia than after general anaesthesia. Nitrogen sparing presumably results from inhibiting the stress-induced release of catabolic hormones, since epidural analgesia abolished postoperative hyperglycaemia and increase in plasma cortisol concentrations. No adverse effects of inhibiting the stress response were observed. Neurogenic stimuli thus play a crucial part in the catabolic response to surgery. Inhibiting the endocrine metabolic response to trauma by neurogenic blockade may reduce the morbidity precipitated in high-risk patients by the catabolic response to surgery.
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PMID:Epidural analgesia improves postoperative nitrogen balance. 63 18

A total of 718 ocular squamous cell carcinomas of cattle were treated with various cryosurgical units and techniques during a 2.5-year study. In 609 of the lesions, a single freeze was used, with a cure rate (total regression) of 66%. In 109 lesions treated with a double freeze-thaw cycle (rapid freeze to - 25 C, and unaided thaw followed immediately by refreezing to -25 C), the cure rate was 97%. Cryosurgical units designed for delivery of liquid nitrogen provided a more rapid rate of freezing and, thus, a higher cure rate than did units designed for delivery of nitrogen vapor. It was concluded that cryosurgery for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma is a simple and rapid procedure; is economical; provides analgesia itself, due to sensory nerve injury; requires minimal preoperative and no postoperative medication; causes minimal side effects; may be repeated; and is excellent for use on suspect premalignant lesions.
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PMID:Cryosurgical treatment of ocular squamous cell carcinoma of cattle. 124 53

The combined effect of continuous blockade of glucagon and cortisol by somatostatin and etomidate and thoracic epidural analgesia on hepatic conversion of amino nitrogen was studied in eight patients who underwent elective cholecystectomy on day 1 after operation and was compared with 16 patients who underwent operation without blockade. Surgery increased the plasma clearance of total alpha-amino nitrogen from 5.2 +/- 0.3 to 6.6 +/- 0.3 ml/sec (mean +/- sem; p less than 0.05). This increase was due to increased elimination by the liver, because the hepatic effectiveness for amino nitrogen conversion measured by the functional hepatic nitrogen clearance increased from 9 +/- 2 to 16 +/- 4 ml/sec (p less than 0.05). In contrast, during the combined neural and hormonal blockade, surgery decreased the plasma clearance of amino nitrogen from 5.3 +/- 0.3 to 3.9 +/- 0.3 ml/sec (p less than 0.05), and the blockade prevented the postoperative increase in functional hepatic nitrogen clearance. The results suggest that glucagon, cortisol, and afferent neural reflexes are mediators of the hepatic contribution to catabolism after operation.
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PMID:Hormonal and neural blockade prevents the postoperative increase in amino acid clearance and urea synthesis. 135 Aug 68

It has been established that augmentation of air pressure from 0.1 to 1.1 MPa (with 0.1 MPa intervals) was accompanied in rats with the development of progressive analgesia which was measured according to the threshold of vocalization in the test of electrical stimulation of the tail. The highest analgesic response arose at 0.7-1.1 MPa. All the animals might be divided into two groups: group 1-72% of the animals with a 200% increase of the threshold, group 2--animals with such an increase by 15%. The augmentation of the pressure of heliox (79.1% of helium, 20.9% of oxygen) also caused analgesia, but not so strong. In patients pain thresholds to the mechanical nociceptive stimulation also increased by about 43-67% and 95-100% under the influence of increased air pressure of 0.4 and 0.7 MPa, respectively. In group 1 patients (67%) pain threshold increased by 50-100%, in group 2 by 15-25%. Pretreatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg), atropine (1 mg/kg), yohimbine (1 mg/kg), parachloramphetamine (5 mg/kg) and prasosin (1 mg/kg) decreased hyperbaric analgesia in rats by 41-56, 41-56, 17-19, 17-19%, respectively. The role of increased partial pressure of nitrogen in hyperbaric analgesia and possible neurochemical mechanisms of its realization are discussed.
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PMID:[Changes in pain sensitivity under increased atmospheric pressure]. 146 78

Telazol was evaluated as an anesthetic for rabbits. Two groups of five rabbits each were injected intramuscularly with 32 or 64 mg/kg of Telazol, and the depth and duration of anesthesia period monitored. At both doses, the righting reflex was lost within 2 minutes postinjection. Animals in both groups responded to noxious stimuli for the duration of the anesthesia. Hematology and urinalyses were performed daily for 7 days postinjection. Hematologic parameters remained unchanged in both groups. In the high-dose group, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels increased 1 day postinjection and continued steadily throughout the week. Elevations in urine protein and the presence of casts correlated with this increase. In the low-dose group, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels increased and protein was present in the urine of four of five rabbits beginning approximately 5 days postinjection. Histologically, severe renal tubular necrosis was evident 7 days postinjection in all high-dose rabbits and in three rabbits in the low-dose group. Our results indicate that Telazol does not produce analgesia in rabbits and is nephrotoxic at both 32 and 64 mg/kg. We conclude that Telazol is contraindicated for use in rabbits.
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PMID:Anesthetic and nephrotoxic effects of Telazol in New Zealand white rabbits. 166 43

Nineteen patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery were randomised to receive recombination human growth hormone (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10) for the first five postoperative days. All received epidural analgesia and total parenteral nutrition during the same period (energy supply 125% of basal metabolic rate, mean nitrogen (+/- SEM) 5.7 (+/- 0.1) g/m2). Nitrogen and potassium retention was induced in the growth hormone group compared with the placebo group (cumulative nitrogen balance 4.1 (+/- 1.1) g/m2 in the growth hormone group and -3.1 (+/- 1.8) g/m2 in the placebo group, p less than 0.01; cumulative potassium balance 80.8 (+/- 4.7) mmol/m2 in the growth hormone group and 43.1 (+/- 11.4) mmol/m2 in the placebo group, p less than 0.01). In the growth hormone group, serum glucose concentrations increased each evening and mean serum albumin concentrations were reduced throughout the period; the morning pulse rates were decreased, and the patients gained weight compared with the placebo group.
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PMID:Nitrogen retention caused by growth hormone in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery with epidural analgesia and parenteral nutrition. 167 77

A selective and sensitive method for the determination of piritramide in human plasma is described. A 1-ml aliquot of plasma was extracted with 10 ml of hexane-isoamyl alcohol (99.5:0.5, v/v) (extraction efficiency 86%) after addition of 50 microliters of 2 M ammonia and 20 microliters of aqueous strychnine solution (100 ng per 10 microliters) as internal standard. Gas chromatography was performed with J&W DB-1, 30 m x 0.53 mm I.D. separation column, film thickness 1.5 microns, using an nitrogen-phosphorus-sensitive detector. The assay was linear in the concentration range 3.75-2250 ng/ml (r = 0.999), with a lower limit of detection of 1-2 ng/ml. The precision was determined using spiked plasma samples (10 and 50 ng/ml), with coefficients of variation of 3.5 and 3.1% (intra-day; n = 5) and 4.6 and 4.1% (inter-day; n = 4). In the range 3.75-150 ng/ml, the accuracy of the assay was 3.36%. The method was used for the determination of piritramide plasma concentrations in patients receiving intra- or post-operative analgesia.
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PMID:Sensitive determination of piritramide in human plasma by gas chromatography. 181 Sep 54

The critical care patient population has much to gain from properly administered neural blockade. Effective analgesia alone may make the difference between a patient who is able to compensate for their acute insult and one who cannot. A good example is the patient with multiple fractured ribs, who, after intercostal nerve blocks, no longer requires intubation and mechanical ventilation. The authors believe that effective analgesia is just the beginning of the beneficial effects of neural blockade, because blockade of the afferent limb of sympathetic and sensory nerves may circumvent the neuroendocrine response to acute injury. There is evidence that the stress response is not beneficial in the hospital setting and in fact may be detrimental. Some of the effects include elevated plasma catecholamines, ADH, cortisol, and blood glucose, which contribute to tachycardia, hypertension, increased myocardial work and oxygen consumption, salt and water retention, and a catabolic state with negative nitrogen balance. Whether these changes result in reduced morbidity and mortality has been the subject of several studies, but more studies are needed. It would seem that critically ill patients with little physiologic reserve might be the best population to study because even a small improvement may improve survival. A small beneficial effect in healthy postoperative patients may not be clinically apparent. Most would agree that neural blockade used intraoperatively results in reduced blood loss and a lower incidence of postoperative thromboembolism. The continuation of these techniques into the postoperative period may reduce morbidity and mortality in high-risk patients. A word of caution is in order. The indiscriminate application of the techniques described in this article to critically ill patients would not be in the patients' best interest. Nerve blocks are only safe in the hands of those physicians specifically trained to perform them. In addition, local anesthetics have a low therapeutic ratio, and their administration requires continual observation. The use of epidural or intrathecal opioids alone or in combination with other agents also has potentially serious side effects, and requires continual patient monitoring. The proper performance and maintenance of these techniques requires a large commitment of time, manpower, equipment, and a multidisciplinary approach to include physicians, nursing, and support staff. Nerve blocks and other sophisticated techniques started in the operating room or critical care unit should not necessarily be discontinued when the patient is transferred to a ward bed because the full benefit of this therapy may not have been fully realized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Nerve blocks in the critical care environment. 218 9

A nitrogen-sparing effect of epidural anesthesia has been clearly demonstrated in gynecological and lower abdominal surgery. To determine if epidural anesthesia also has a protein-sparing effect during major upper or mid-abdominal surgery, postoperative nitrogen balance and 3-methylhistidine urinary excretion (an index of skeletal muscle protein catabolism) were measured for 6 days in 28 patients who had undergone colon resection for cancer with general anesthesia (N2O-O2-1% enflurane) either supplemented with low dose fentanyl plus intermittent systemic pentazocine for postoperative pain (n = 13), or the same general anesthetic plus epidural injection of either etidocaine 1% intraoperatively and bupivacaine 0.25% postoperatively (n = 8) or meperidine (n = 7) for 48 hr after skin incision. The cumulative 6-day nitrogen balance and the cumulative 3-methylhistidine urinary excretion were significantly less after epidural injection of etidocaine intraoperatively and bupivacaine postoperatively than in the two other groups. There was a significant correlation between the daily urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine and the daily nitrogen balance in the three groups. This study suggests that in colon surgery, epidural analgesia with local anesthetics in the postoperative period improves nitrogen balance and this effect takes place partly in the muscle.
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PMID:Nitrogen-sparing effect of epidural administration of local anesthetics in colon surgery. 277 31


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