Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rats injected (IP) daily with 0, 20, and 200 mg/kg morphine-SO4 for 25-49 days experienced log dose/response (LDR) curve flattening (decrease in slope and/or maximum response) for analgesia (tail immersion test) produced by etorphine-HCl injected IP or intracerebroventricularly (ICV), and for latency to maximum rectal temperature increase produced by IP etorphine. Rats treated similarly with 0, 50, and 500 micrograms/kg etorphine-HCl for 32 days exhibited LDR-curve flattening for analgesia produced by etorphine and morphine (IP). In addition, a profound body weight loss produced by high-dose morphine treatment (200 mg/kg) was found not to be involved in flattening, since similar body weight decreases produced by food restriction in 0 and 20 mg/kg rats did not have this effect. Flattening, however, may be due to a rapidly acquired and rapidly lost within-session (acute) tolerance. When flattening was not seen at short intervals after IP or ICV test etorphine doses, flattening was seen when rats were retested at longer test intervals. Forty-eight hours after cessation of chronic etorphine treatment, flattening of the etorphine analgesia LDR curve was lost, but parallel shift was unaffected. Similarly, 200 mg/kg morphine-treated rats lost morphine tolerance more rapidly than 20 mg/kg-treated rats during the first 12 days after the last treatment injection. Subsequently, however, levels of the analgesia and the amounts of tolerance loss were comparable in both chronically treated groups. The data support the notion that chronic tolerance reflects an enhancement or prolongation of acute tolerance.
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PMID:Log dose/response curve flattening in rats after daily injection of opiates. 677 25

The report deals with the clinical use and effects of tramadol-HCl (Tramal) as an adjuvant in regional anaesthesia. As distinguished from triflupromazine, diazepam, flunitrazepam, droperidol, piritramide and pentazocine this drug can be applied safely, reliably and without secondary effects in patients of all ages for sedation and analgesia without loss of cooperation (no sleep, no pain from body-positioning, no psychic distress) and for the prevention of centralisation in the unblocked region (no trembling- and freezing-reaction, no alteration of the blood-gas-analysis.
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PMID:[The use of tramadol-HCl (Tramal) as adjuvant in regional anaesthesia. Clinical report (author's transl)]. 707 94

Ketamine HCl was evaluated as a general anesthetic alone and in combination with chlorpromazine HCl on the basis of sedative and cardiovascular effects in 40 buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Calves were rapidly immobilized after IV administration of ketamine HCl (2 mg/kg of body weight). Preanesthetic treatment of calves with chlorpromazine increased the duration of analgesia, standing and recovery times, and the degree of muscle relaxation. The duration and degree of analgesia obtained were adequate for short-term surgical procedures. All animals survived the anesthetic trials, and recovery was smooth and rapid. Hemodynamic studies revealed increases in heart rate, mean blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral vascular resistance during maximal depth of anesthesia. The venous pressure decreased initially and then increased progressively. Increases and decreases in these measurements were transient, and the measurements returned to base-line values within 30 minutes after ketamine administration. Definite trends were not seen on ECG tracings, except for elevations and depressions of ST segment, T-wave changes, and wandering pacemaker in a few animals, and sinus tachycardia in all animals.
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PMID:Anesthetic and hemodynamic effects of ketamine hydrochloride in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). 709 52

Hemodynamic measurements, arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions, and pH were determined in 13 adult, nonpregnant Holstein cows (511.3 +/- 77.3 kg) after subarachnoid injection of a 5% procaine hydrochloride solution (av dosage level of 0.162 +/- 0.026 mg/kg) at the thoracolumbar (T13-L1) intervertebral space. Segmental analgesia occurred within 8 to 12 minutes after completing the procaine HCl injection and extended between spinal cord segments T7 and L3 on both sides of the spinal column. The average duration of analgesia, as determined by the cows' responses to superficial and deep muscular pinpricks, was 35.8 +/- 8.5 minutes (25 to 60 minutes, min-max). Subarachnoid injection of procaine HCl caused a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in heart rate and significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in pulse pressure and rectal temperature. Cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular stroke work, left ventricular minute work, total peripheral resistance, arterial blood pressure, arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions, pH, oxygen transport, oxygen uptake, PCV, and total solids did not change significantly (P greater than 0.05) from base-line values. Similarly, no significant changes (P greater than 0.05) were observed in a group of 5 control cows after subarachnoid injection of sodium chloride solution (1.5 ml, 0.9%) at the T13-L1 intervertebral space. Segmental subarachnoid analgesia caused minimal circulatory disturbance and was well tolerated by adult, conscious, unsedated cows.
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PMID:Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of segmental subarachnoid analgesia in adult Holstein cows. 710 18

The effect of the sitting position (0, 2.5, 5.0 or 7.5 min), during and after the injection of 3 ml of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine-HCl, on the segmental spread of spinal analgesia was studied in 40 patients. Ten patients injected in the lateral horizontal position acted as controls. The spread of analgesia was significantly greater in those who sat for 2.5 min or more compared with those who were immediately put in the supine position. Prolongation of the sitting time did not produce a higher analgesic block. The motor block was complete in all patients; its duration was significantly longer in the horizontal group than in all the sitting groups. There was no significant correlation between the different c.s.f. indices (pressure, protein and chloride ion concentration pH, and specific gravity) and the spinal block.
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PMID:Effect of posture and some c.s.f. characteristics on spinal anaesthesia with isobaric 0.5% bupivacaine. 713 21

Male ICR mice (25 - 30 g) were pretreated with bovine hematin (20, 40 or 50 mumoles per kg per day, i.p.) for three days. During the next six-day period, animals received either 50 mg per kg per day propoxyphene-HCl or saline, p.o., in addition to the daily hematin injections. Only the highest hematin regimen depressed the induction of propoxyphene-N-demethylase activity significantly in the drug-treated animals. A similar depression below control levels was noted in the animals receiving only saline (p.o.) and hematin (i.p.). While hematin treatment abolished the metabolic tolerance to propoxyphene analgesia such treatment failed to generate any appreciable degree of physical dependence to propoxyphene as assessed by a challenge with naloxone. These findings may be helpful in assessing the risk factors associated with the widespread use of propoxyphene.
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PMID:The effect of hematin on the development of microsomal enzyme induction and physical dependence in mice following repeated oral propoxyphene administration. 719 21

A few effects of carbon dioxide on pain threshold and acid-base balance are known. The purpose of this study was to investigate specifically the variations of analgesia in relation to hypercapnia during general anaesthesia and the respective roles played by carbon dioxide and [H+]. The nociceptive jaw opening reflex was studied on five beagle dogs anaesthetized with alfathesin administered at constant rate under acute hypercapnic conditions and acute metabolic acidosis. Acute hypercapnia did not decrease the jaw opening reflex significantly until a level was reached where PaCO2 values modified blood [H+] (pH) significantly (10 +/- 1.04 kPa corresponding to [H+] 91.5 +/- 13.24 nmol/l (pH 7.04 +/- 0.06) p less than 0.05)). At [H+] 176.2 +/- 42.77 nmol/l (pH 6.7 +/- 0.13) (p less than 0.01) the reflex was only 9.3 +/- 3.9 per cent (p less than 0.001) of its initial value. The infusion of decinormal solution of HCl during constant capnia caused an abrupt drop of the reflex. There was a correlation between reflex and metabolic acidosis (p less than 0.05). The authors conclude that modification of the jaw opening reflex occurs with extreme values of arterial [H+] incompatible with safe anaesthesia and they discuss the mechanisms involved.
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PMID:[Comparison of the effects of acute respiratory acidosis and acute metabolic acidosis on the jaw-opening reflex in the anesthetized dog]. 723 18

Effective analgesia resulted from the injection of peridural meperidine in two groups of cancer patients, eight with postoperative pain and eight with intractable pain. Peridural meperidine HCl, 100 mg (n = 8), in 10 ml saline administered to patients following surgery was followed by a median duration of analgesia of 6 hours (range 4-20 hours) over periods ranging from 1-4 days. Peridural meperidine HCl, 30-100 mg (n = 8), in 10 ml saline administered to patients with intractable pain gave a median duration of analgesia of 8 hours (range 4-20 hours) over periods ranging from 1-9 days. There was no obvious tendency towards tolerance. In all patients, the onset of analgesia was within 5 min and was complete within 30 min. This analgesia paralleled the rise in CSF meperidine concentrations following peridural administration. Systemic absorption of peridurally administered meperidine occurred with a half-life of 15-30 min and produced blood concentrations high enough to contribute to analgesia after approximately 20 min in the majority of patients. There was no objective evidence in any neurological change nor sympathetic blockade after peridural meperidine. From this evidence the dorsal horn of the spinal cord may be the major site of action as distinct from the axonal blockade produced by local anesthetics, indicating 'selective' spinal analgesia.
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PMID:Peridural meperidine in humans: analgesic response, pharmacokinetics, and transmission into CSF. 729 5

Tramadol-HCl was used clinically in the form of a continuous infusion as the analgesic component of a balanced anaesthetic technique. In over 90% of the anaesthetics a further injection of barbiturate and/or supplementary muscle relaxant was necessary because the patients did not tolerate the operative procedure. Although a higher dosage of Tramadol reduces significantly the supplementary barbiturate dosage per kilogram bodyweight per minute which is required, it has no effect on the incidence of reflex movements, nor does it prevent the marked intraoperative rise of diastolic blood pressure. The balanced anaesthetic with Tramadol-HCl is characterized by prompt awakening, total amnesia, good post-operative analgesia and minimal side effects (occasional nausea). In particular, there was no case in which there was noticeable respiratory depression. As insufficient analgesia and hypnosis is provided by Tramadol-HCl, making the administration of muscle relaxants and barbiturates obligatory, there is no significant advance in our technique of using Tramadol-HCl, despite the advantages which have been outlined.
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PMID:[The clinical usefulness of Tramadol-infusion anaesthesia (author's transl)]. 733 89

While instituting a new program in fetoscopy, the authors explored the effects of sedation with meperidine (Demerol) and promethazine HCl (Phenergan) during fetoscopy conducted on 10 mothers at 14 to 18 weeks' gestation. Each received 100 mg of meperidine and 50 mg of promethazine HCl approximately 30 minutes before the procedure. In 3 instances, a repeat half-dose injection was made at 30 minutes for adequate analgesia. Sex of the fetus was determined accurately in 9 instances. In 9 of 10 cases, visualization was satisfactory; technical problems in 1 case precluded visualization. Complications included 2 superficial fetal limb hematomas and 2 instances of minimal fetal bleeding from an unknown site. Three patients required perforation of anterior placentas. Amniotic fluid was invariably clear but became progressively turbid. Sedation allowed a longer period for clear amniotic fluid by decreasing fetal movements progressively over the first hour; fetal activity showed a prompt return thereafter. The clarity of the amniotic fluid was adversely influenced by external manipulation of the fetus. The authors conclude that sedation has obvious benefits for the mother and may facilitate evaluation of the fetus during fetoscopy.
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PMID:Effects of maternal sedation during fetoscopy. 739 15


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