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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty-five buffalo calves (age: 14 +/- 1.9 months; body weight: 102 +/- 9.4 kg) were subjected to intravenous regional analgesia (IRA) of the hind limb with 2% lignocaine HCl (4 mg/kg b.w.), infused through the dorsal digital vein. In control animals 15 ml of normal saline was infused. The effect of tourniquet release after 35 (8 calves) and 65 min (7 calves) on EEG, ECG, arterial and venous pressures, blood gases and pH, respiration and temperature were studied. A detectable concentration of lignocaine occurred before the release of tourniquet. The lignocaine concentration recorded in the systemic circulation did not produce any significant nervous or cardiovascular changes before or after release of tourniquet. Transient EEG and ECG changes were seen in six (tourniquet release after 35 min) and three (tourniquet release after 65 min) IRA animals, respectively. No significant changes were seen in heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature, systolic, diastolic, mean arterial and central venous pressures. Arterial blood pH, PCO2 and HCO3- concentration showed no significant differences. Animals receiving IRA did not show hypoxaemia typical to postural changes.
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PMID:Studies on intravenous regional analgesia of the hind limb in the bovine. 195 Feb 46

The possibility of prolonging the effect of intrathecally injected meperidine by the use of a lipid solution was examined in this study. An aqueous solution of 5% meperidine HCl, 250 micrograms/kg, and an equimolar solution of meperidine dissolved in iophendylate (Pantopaque) were injected subarachnoidally in two groups of rabbits (n = 9 in each) with chronically implanted catheters in the subarachnoid space at the level of L7-8. The effect of each injection was assessed by evaluation of the pain threshold in the animal's hind limbs and of the degree of motor blockade produced. The duration of analgesia and of motor blockade were significantly longer when the lipid solution was used. Six of nine animals that received the aqueous solution of 5% meperidine HCl exhibited temporary signs of agitation (i.e., biting of hind limbs). None of the animals given the lipid solution of the drug did. The findings are attributed to the slow release of meperidine from the lipid phase that serves as a drug depot in the cerebrospinal fluid. The approach presented is suggested as a basis for the development of lipid solutions that might prolong the duration of spinal analgesia produced by a single intrathecal injection.
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PMID:Prolongation of the pharmacologic effect of intrathecal meperidine by the use of a lipid solution of it. 201 21

This study investigated the effect of para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), on nicotine-induced analgesia. pCPA reduces physiological levels of 5-HT, a neurotransmitter that has been linked to pain. The effects of naloxone HCl and mecamylamine HCl on this analgesia were also assessed. Subjects were 24 albino rats. Each group of eight rats was injected subcutaneously (SC) with nicotine sulphate, followed by an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of one of the potential antagonists. Behavioral analgesia was assessed using the tail-flick test. Data analysis revealed that pCPA did not affect nicotine-induced analgesia. Consistent with past research, naloxone also had no effect, and mecamylamine effectively eliminated this analgesia. The results are interpreted in light of current knowledge of this behavioral analgesia and pain perception, in general.
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PMID:Effect of pCPA on nicotine-induced analgesia. 214 24

Eight adult female cattle (6 Holstein, 1 Jersey, 1 Brown Swiss) were used to determine the antagonistic effects of tolazoline, and alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, on xylazine-induced (via caudal epidural administration) depression of CNS, respiratory, and cardiovascular activity and rumen motility. A 2% solution of xylazine HCl was injected into the epidural space at the first coccygeal interspace, using a dosage of 0.05 mg/kg of body weight, diluted to a 5-ml volume with sterile water, and administered at a rate of approximately 1 ml/30 s. Eight minutes after xylazine injection, either tolazoline (0.3 mg/kg) or saline solution (4 ml) was administered IV. All 8 cattle were treated, using both regimens in a random sequence; at least 1 week elapsed between treatments. Epidurally administered xylazine induced caudal analgesia (S3 to coccyx), as evaluated by no response to superficial and deep muscular pinprick, and induced sedation, cardiopulmonary depression, and inhibition of rumen motility, but all cattle remained standing. Tolazoline effectively reversed xylazine-induced rumen hypomotility, and partially antagonized xylazine-induced cardiopulmonary depression without affecting sedation and desirable local (S3 to coccyx) analgesic effects.
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PMID:Influence of tolazoline on caudal epidural administration of xylazine in cattle. 232 14

Preparations of local anesthetics are prepared as acidic solutions of the salts to promote solubility and stability. In solution, these salts exist as both nonionized and ionized forms. The ratio depends on the pH of the solution, and it is only the non-ionized form that permeates the nerve membrane and sheath. This study of epidural analgesia was undertaken to determine the effect of increasing the pH of the lidocaine HCl by the addition of sodium bicarbonate. Parameters studied included the time of onset of analgesia (time between the completion of injection and the loss of scratch sensation at the left L1 dermatome), the spread of sensory blockade, the degree of motor block, and the blood pressure and heart rate. Eighty seven adult patients undergoing epidural anesthesia were divided into four groups. Group 1 patients were given 2% lidocaine HCl solution plus 1.5 mL normal saline per 10 mL of lidocaine (pH 5.55). Group 2 patients were given 2% lidocaine HCl solution plus 1.5 mL 7% sodium bicarbonate per 10 mL of lidocaine (pH 7.04). Group 3 received 2% lidocaine HCl solution with 1:200000 epinephrine plus 1.5 mL normal saline per 10 mL of lidocaine (pH 5.68). Group 4 received 2% lidocaine HCl solution with 1:200000 epinephrine plus 1.5 mL 7% sodium bicarbonate per 10 mL of lidocaine (pH 7.11). The time of onset of analgesia and the spread of sensory blockade were more rapid in groups 2 and 4. The degree of motor block was more pronounced in these two groups, as were the changes in blood pressure and heart rate.
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PMID:[pH-adjusted lidocaine HCl with or without epinephrine for epidural anesthesia]. 260 12

Since the first paravertebral blockade was carried out by Sellheim in 1905, this method has proved effective for the isolated blockade of spinal nerves. The efficacy of preoperative intercostal blockade (ICB) in combination with neuroleptanalgesia (NLA) or Pentothal-pentazocine-N2O anesthesia (Pe-Pz) was studied (unilateral analgesia for cholecystectomy). Group 1: NLA; group 2: NLA with ICB; group 3: Pe-Pz; group 4: Pe-Pz with ICB. The analgesic requirement differed significantly between groups 1 (0.33 mg fentanyl) and 2 (0.15 mg fentanyl) and groups 3 (63.5 mg pentazocine) and 4 (31.5 mg pentazocine). There were also significant differences in circulatory responses. The maximum deviation from the initial value at the beginning of the operation in group 1 compared to group 2 was pulse rate + 28.7% vs + 2.4%, mean arterial pressure (Part) + 24.6% vs + 3.1%, and systolic pressure (Psyst) + 33% vs +/- 0%; group 3 compared to group 4: pulse rate + 16.4% vs + 3.2%, Part + 24.5% vs 0.0%, and Psyst + 26.5% vs + 196. The times of action of ICB extended from 7.54 h to 11.33 h for partial analgeisa, time to the first dose of analgesic from 12.3 h to 16.9 h (etidocaine 0.5% and 1% respectively without and with epinephrine). The mean blood levels after 100 mg bupivacaine-CO2 rose to 1.16 micrograms/ml after 5 min and reached a maximum after 15 min (1.29 micrograms/ml) as compared to 0.98 micrograms/ml after addition of ornithine-vasopressin. These values are very much higher than those after the use of bupivacaine-HCl solution. Etidocaine and bupivacaine-HCl have comparable durations of analgesia. Toxicologically, both substances can be applied safely with consideration of all pharmacological data for ICB. Of a total of 3,485 intercostal blockades, 2,775 were applied perioperatively (pre- and postoperatively); 265 were carried out for trauma patients (rib fractures) and 445 for therapeutic indications (herpes zoster neuralgia, tumor pain, costovertebral pain). In 8 blocks 10% ammonium sulfate, in 4 blocks absolute alcohol, and in 19 blocks 5% phenol were used for neurolysis. In 2 cases a marginal pneumothorax was seen, which was resorbed spontaneously (0.06%). Altogether 16,270 single intercostal nerves were blocked. Single-session intercostal blockade can be combined as unilateral analgesia with general anesthesia. This combination is characterized by stable circulatory conditions with avoidance of hypertensive reactions. The long-lasting analgesia allows early mobilization and physiotherapy both postoperatively and posttraumatically in patients with unilateral thoracic and abdominal pain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The single intercostal block--surgical and therapeutic indications]. 264 21

Eight adult Holstein cows were used to compare the effects of lumbar segmental epidural analgesia (SEA) and lumbar segmental subarachnoid analgesia (SSA). A modified 17-gauge Huber point (Tuohy) needle was used to place a catheter with stylet into either the epidural space at the thoracolumbar (T13-L1) intervertebral space or the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral junction. The catheters were advanced so that their tips lay at the anterior lumbar (L1-L2) epidural space or at the thoracolumbar (T13-L1) subarachnoid space. The position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 5% solution of procaine HCl was used at mean doses of 300 mg (6 ml) to induce SEA and 84.4 +/- 12.9 mg (1.7 +/- 0.3 ml) to induce SSA. Onset of analgesia to superficial and deep muscular pinprick stimulation was significantly (P less than 0.05) faster in cows with SSA than in those with SEA (10.4 +/- 2.3 minutes vs 15.9 +/- 3.8 minutes). Maximal thoracolumbar analgesia extended from spinal cord segments T12 to L4 on one or both sides of the vertebral column during SEA and from T10 to L3 on one or both sides during SSA. Duration of analgesia lasted significantly (P less than 0.05) longer in cows with SEA than in those with SSA (76.2 +/- 16.2 minutes vs 53.7 +/- 14.3 minutes). The advantages and disadvantages of the SEA catheter technique are discussed.
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PMID:Comparative study of continuous lumbar segmental epidural and subarachnoid analgesia in Holstein cows. 291 26

The goal of this open-labeled clinical study on 30 patients was to find out which dosage of CO2-lidocaine 1.1% (= lidocaine HCl 1%) would provide clinically acceptable analgesia for surgical procedures on the lower extremities under combined sciatic-femoral block. A first group of 5 patients was given a dose of 330 mg = 30 ml (15 ml to block the sciatic nerve and 15 ml for the 3-in-1 block), the maximum dose allowed by the manufacturer. This dosage did not result in any degree of satisfactory block and all patients had to be operated upon under general anaesthesia (GA). In a second group of 15 patients, a dose of 440 mg = 40 ml was given (sciatic nerve: 17 ml; 3-in-1 block: 23 ml). This dosage gave much better results, but 4 of 15 patients still needed light GA for supplementation. Only in the third group of 10 patients, who were given 550 mg = 50 ml (sciatic nerve: 20 ml; 3-in-1 block: 30 ml) was a clinically acceptable success rate achieved; there was only 1 patient who needed light GA for supplementation. In group I (330 mg) only partial sensory blockade was achieved (after approx. 5 min); the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves could not be blocked in any patient, and motor blockade was present in only 1 patient. In group 2 (440 mg) the onset of sensory block began after 5 min, was complete by 11 min, and in 6 of 15 patients (= 40%) motor blockade was achieved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Combined sciatic nerve/3-in-1 block. I. Dose determination for CO2-lidocaine 1.1%]. 312 65

Meperidine HCl was administered intramuscularly by hand-syringe to a number of individuals representing several species of cetaceans (n = 95) and pinnipeds (n = 36). Dosage administered was 0.11 mg/kg, 0.23 mg/kg or 0.45 mg/kg, with the majority of animals receiving the middle dosage. Meperidine HCl provided moderate restraint in cetaceans without obvious deleterious effects. Restraint was achieved rapidly, with maximum effect occurring 20 min after intramuscular injection and lasting for 2 to 3 hr. Analgesia appeared to last as long as 4 hr and was sometimes accompanied by a restoration of appetite in animals suffering from physical discomfort. Higher doses produced increased sedation and analgesia without noticeably depressing respiration. Meperidine HCl provided moderate restraint for phocids and walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) without apparent detriment. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) showed little restraint, but demonstrated profound respiratory depression.
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PMID:The use of meperidine hydrochloride for chemical restraint in certain cetaceans and pinnipeds. 319 67

Local anesthetics given in the epidural space of a horse may cause hind limb weakness in addition to analgesia. Because alpha 2 agonists given by epidural injection cause sensory blockade without motor effects in human beings and other species, their use in veterinary anesthesia is appealing. This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of xylazine HCl, an alpha 2 agonist commonly used in horses. Xylazine, 0.9% NaCl, and lidocaine were given by epidural injection to horses subjected to perineal electrical stimulation. Administration of xylazine (0.17 mg/kg of body weight, diluted to a 10-ml volume, using 0.9% NaCl) induced approximately 2.5 hours of local analgesia without apparent side effects. Higher doses of xylazine caused mild hind limb ataxia. Administration of lidocaine induced a similar duration of analgesia, with severe hind limb ataxia (100% incidence). We concluded that xylazine given by epidural injection results in safe, effective perineal analgesia in horses.
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PMID:Epidural injection of xylazine for perineal analgesia in horses. 320 51


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