Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to observe the effects of morphine on protein metabolism in mouse brain, experimental procedures were carried out over a 7 hr period of infusion. When the analgesia reached a peak, namely around 2 hr after the start of infusion, the in vivo incorporation of radioactive leucine into protein estimated by the dual label technique was uniformally depressed in all the examined subcellular fractions of both brain and liver. After tolerance developed, however, the incorporation of leucine increased to a much higher level than the control in brain subcellular fractions and the increase was masked by naloxone. In contrast, the incorporation into a TCA soluble fraction of the brain S2, separated by Gray and Whittaker's method, was more than doubled even after 4 hr infusion. While the in vitro incorporation rate of the mitochondrial fraction significantly fluctuated during development of tolerance with naloxone that of the synaptosomal fraction did not fluctuate. The observed coincidence in the time course of development of tolerance and changes in the brain protein synthesis indicates a possible relationship between the phenomena, though the causal nature of the relationship could not be elucidated.
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PMID:Protein synthesis in mouse brain during development of acute morphine tolerance. 120 9

The use of trichloracetic acid in the treatment of decorative tattoos is described. The technique is simple to perform. No anaesthesia or analgesia is required. Complications are uncommon and usually minor. Trichloracetic acid acts by inflicting a chemical burn.
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PMID:A simple method of tattoo removal. 225 35

Comparative studies were made on morphine- and stress-induced analgesia (SIA) and also on the development of tolerance to the effects. Cycloheximide (CYH), a potent protein synthesis inhibitor, did not affect the analgesic effect of morphine, but effectively suppressed the development of tolerance. CYH, however, potentiated both foot shock (FS) and immobilized-water immersion (IW) SIAs and inhibited the development of tolerance to FS-SIA. Incorporation of 3H-leucine into the TCA-insoluble fraction of mouse brain regions was inhibited by morphine, and the inhibition was reversed by the pretreatment with CYH. The inhibitory effect of morphine was lost in morphine tolerant animals. At the peak of SIA, incorporation of 3H-leucine was not changed in FS-SIA, but significantly inhibited in IW-SIA, and these effects were not modified by the pretreatment with CYH. The reduced incorporation of 3H-leucine in IW-SIA tolerant animals was partially reversed by CYH. Thus, the protein synthesis mechanism is greatly influenced by morphine or stresses, but the direct evidence for the implication of the mechanism in the process of producing analgesia and tolerance formation could not be demonstrated. However, differences in the underlying mechanisms were apparent between morphine and SIAs and also between FS- and IW-SIA.
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PMID:Comparative studies on morphine- and stress-induced analgesia and the development of tolerance to the effects: implication of protein synthesis mechanism in the process. 399 72

Synthesised by Justin Liebig in 1832 chloral hydrate is one of the oldest synthetic agents. Since 1869 it has been in use for hypnotic or sedative purposes. Chloral hydrate was used a lot from the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. Since then chloral hydrate has been less frequently in use as a hypnotic. In the 1990's, the principal use of chloral hydrate in pediatrics was the sedation of children for minor surgery during dental or diagnostic procedures. In general practice, it is an analgesia found in topical preparations. It was known as safe and easy to use. Now it is shown to be potentially dangerous (risk of death in case of intoxication) and there is doubt about genotoxicity and carcinogenecity. The pharmacological property was known in 1948 when Butler discovered the principal active metabolite, trichloroethanol. The gastro-intestinal tract rapidly absorbs chloral hydrate after oral or rectal use. The sedative and hypnotic effects appear in 20 to 60 minutes. The main metabolites [trichloroethanol (TCE) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA)] are formed by hepatocytes and erythrocytes. The half-life of chloral hydrate is short (a few minutes), the half lives of the metabolics are longer, 8 to 12 hours for TCE and 67 hours for TCA. The affinity for lipids is high. It is eliminated principally by the kidneys. Its mechanism of action is unknown. It is a depressor of the SNC, and the sedation is attributed to chloral hydrate and the hypnotic effect to TCE. The interactions appear with: alcohol, anticoagulants, amitriptyline and furosemide. The use of flumazenil (a gaba antagonist), in case of intoxication, indicates a possible action of GABA. The posology is usually between 0.5 to 2 g per day. Chloral hydrate is taken during meals to prevent gastric irritation. The main side effects are digestive, cardiologic (risk of rhythm disorder), dermatologic, neuropsychiatric (withdrawn, delusions, hallucination, dependence) and ophthalmologic. Death occurs after absorption of doses of around 10 g of hydrate chloral, some cases were reported with 5 g. The use of hydrate chloral is contra-indicated in cases of gastric ulcers, hepatic insufficiency, porphyry, respiratory insufficiency, association with anticoagulants and hyper sensibility. Nowadays should we be using chloral hydrate in cases of insomnia in adult and older people? A recent preclinical working group of the French Agency for evaluation of medicinal products reassessed the benefit/risk ratio of chloral hydrate. Many references are found about genotoxicity and carcinogenicity in recent literature. In France, since the end of 2000, chloral hydrate has been withdrawn from many medications for external use in dermatology and in stomatology. Chloral hydrate can be used as a pediatric sedative only once in a lifetime. The psychiatric indication for insomnia is no longer justified and especially in older people.
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PMID:[Chloral hydrate: a hypnotic best forgotten?]. 1209 79