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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The effect of morphine on the histamine content of the mouse brain has been investigated. The changes in the brain histamine level have been related to morphine-induced analgesia and morphine-induced changes in locomotor activity. 2. With doses of morphine between 1 and 5 mg/kg there was a significant increase in histamine levels. The time required to produce a maximal rise in the brain histamine level with 5 mg/kg of morphine was 15 min. 3. There was a significant decrease in brain histamine levels with doses of morphine between 7-5 and 100 mg/kg. The time at which the greatest decrease was produced with 50 mg/kg was 30 min. 4. The time couse of the alteration of brain histamine by morphine did not correlate with its antinociceptive activity. Both the 5 and 50 mg/kg doses of morphine produced analgesia in mice whereas brain histamine levels were increased and decreased, respectively. 5. Pretreating mice with compounds which modify histaminergic function did not modify the antinociceptive action of morphine. 6. Morphine produced a biphasic effect on locomotor activity when the dose was increased from 0-5 through to 100 mg/kg. Doses up to 2-5 mg/kg caused a reduction of activity and doses above this produced significant increases. 7. There appears to be an inverse relationship between the morphine-induced changes of brain histamine and the morphine-induced changes in locomotor activity.
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol
PMID:Effects of morphine on brain histamine, antinociception and activity in mice. 1 Jan 13

Evaluation of the analgesic activity of indoprofen was carried out in patients with cancer pain under double-blind conditions and compared with aspirin and placebo. A randomized experimental design was followed. Single oral doses were given of the test drug (100 and 200 mg), aspirin (600 and 1,000 mg), and placebo. For measuring analgesia, 5-point pain intensity and pain relief semiquantitative scales were used. Potency ratio between drugs was calculated on SPID (sum of pain intensity differences) and TOTPAR (total pain relief) and resulted in 10.3 by combination of estimates. In a group of only 24 patients, the data supported the following conclusions: indoprofen at 100 and 200 mg single doses is effective in relieving cancer pain; it displays a dose-related analgesic effect comparable to that of aspirin with only one-tenth the dose.
Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975 Mar
PMID:Indoprofen, a new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug in cancer pain. 4 81

The effects of taurine on the direct cortical response have been studied in immobilized cats (with local analgesia). The primary negative component of the response was inverted in polarity by the topical application of 25 mM taurine while the later slow negative component was considerably augmented. These effects are identical to those observed with 25 mM GABA. Pentobarbital anesthesia produced little qualitative change in the effects of taurine. With stronger stimuli in the presence of taurine, rhythmic waves followed each stimulus both at the cortical surface and at a depth of 1000 mum. An increase in the EEG amplitude following topical taurine was generally localized to the cortical surface but in certain experiments, could be recorded at cortical depths up to 1000 mum.
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1975 Sep
PMID:Modification of the direct cortical response by taurine. 5 Feb 28

The relative analgesic potency of oral and intramuscular oxymorphone was evaluated in a double-blind crossover comparison of graded single doses in patients with chronic pain due to cancer. When both duration and intensity of analgesia are considered (total effect), oral oxymorphone was 1/6 as potent as the intramuscular form. In terms of peak effect, however, oral oxymorphone was only 1/14 as potent. These values are almost identical to those obtained in a previous study comparing oral with intramuscular morphine. The analgesic effect of oral oxymorphone rose to a peak later and had a longer duration than the effect of intramuscular oxymorphone. Intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine were also compared in a similar patient group. Intramuscular oxymorphone proved to be 8.7 times as potent as morphine in terms of total analgesic effect and 13 times as potent in terms of peak effect. In roughly equinalgesic doses, the occurrence of side effects was qualitatively and quantitatively similar for oral and intramuscular oxymorphone and for intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine.
J Clin Pharmacol 1977 Apr
PMID:Comparisons of the analgesic effects of oral and intramuscular oxymorphone and of intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine in patients with cancer. 6 40

The relative analgesic potency of oxymorphone by rectal suppository and intramuscular injection was evaluated in a double-blind, twin-crossover comparison of graded single doses in 136 patients with postoperative pain. The time-effect curves of the two routes of administration differed substantially; rectal resulted in lower and more delayed peak analgesia and a longer duration of action than intramuscular administration. When both duration and intensity of analgesia are considered (total effect), rectal oxymorphone was 1/10 as potent as the intramuscular form; in peak effect, it was only 1/16 to 1/20 as potent. However, because intramuscular oxymorphone is nine to ten times as potent as intramuscular morphine, 5 to 10 mg oxymorphone by suppository provides analgesia comparable to that provided by the usually used doses of parenteral narcotics. Rectal oxymorphone produced no more, and perhaps somewhat fewer, side effects than doses of intramuscular oxymorphone producing equivalent total analgesic effect. None of the patients objected to the rectal route of analgesic administration. This study demonstrates the feasibility of well-controlled analgesic assays employing the double-dummy technique to compare suppositoreis with oral or parenteral analgesic dosage forms. Our observations also suggest that the rectal route is an acceptable and practical way of administering potent analgesics and is probably being underutilized by physicians in the control of moderate to severe pain.
J Clin Pharmacol
PMID:A comparison of the analgesic effect of oxymorphone by rectal suppository and intramuscular injection in patients with postoperative pain. 6 28

In man and other animals, urinary excretion of the histidine and histamine metabolite, imidazoleacetate, is increased and that of its conjugated metabolite, ribosylimidazoleacetate, decreased by salicylates. Imidazoleacetate has been reported to produce analgesia and narcosis. Its accumulation as a result of transferase inhibition could play a part in the therapeutic effects of salicylates. To determine the locus of salicylate action, we have investigated the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on imidazoleacetate phosphoribosyl transferase, the enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conjugation of imidazoleacetate with phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. As little as 0.2 mM aspirin produced 50% inhibition of the rat liver transferase. In vivo, a 30% decrease in the urinary excretion of ribosylimidazoleacetate has been observed with plasma salicylate concentrations of 0.4 mM. The enzyme was also inhibited by sodium salicylate but not by salicylamide, sodium gentisate, aminopyrine, phenacetin, phenylbutazone, or indomethacin. The last four drugs have been shown previously not to alter the excretion of ribosylimidazoleacetate when administered in vivo. Since both the drug specificity and inhibitory concentrations are similar in vivo and in vitro, it seems probable that the effect of salicylates on imidazoleacetate conjugation results from inhibition of imidazoleacetate phosphoribosyl transferase.
J Clin Invest 1976 Jul
PMID:Effect of salicylates on histamine and L-histidine metabolism. Inhibition of imidazoleacetate phosphoribosyl transferase. 18 57

Maternal plasma ACTH, cortisol and TSH concentrations were determined during the course of the induced labours of 20 normal parturients. Alternate mothers were given segmental epidural analgesia for pain relief during the first stage of labour. The remaining parturients served as controls. The ACTH level rose in same way in both groups, reaching its peak at the moment of delivery and decreasing rapidly thereafter. Cortisol secretion reached its maximum during the first stage of labour in the moment of delivery. After delivery the cortisol level decreased more rapidly in the epidural group tha. in the control gro,p. Umbilical venous cortisol concentration was the same in both groups. The maternal TSH level did not change significantly during labour in either group.
Ann Clin Res 1976 Dec
PMID:The effect of segmental epidural analgesia on maternal ACTH, cortisol and TSH during labour. 18 74

The physiological basis of the responses of cells in the nervous system to electrical stimulation is described by reference to the strength-duration curve and to the characteristics of ion-carriers in the cell membranes. The effects of the electrode systems used to deliver the electrical stimuli are considered briefly, followed by an account of the relative electrical excitability of nervous elements in peripheral nerves, spinal cord and the cellular nuclei of the nervous system. The responses of more complex physiological systems to both peripheral and central electrical stimulation are then considered, with more detailed reference to neural mechanisms involved in analgesia at peripheral, spinal and brain-stem levels.
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1978
PMID:The physiological interpretation of electrical stimulation of the nervous system. 22 4

Twenty-four above-knee amputees (AKA) treated with rigid plaster dressings were randomized to receive ambulation on pylon within 24 hours of surgery or at time of suture removal. Casts were applied by physical therapists in half of each group, and by a prosthesist in the other half. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups with respect to age, sex, stump length, gait characteristics and wound healing. Time to prescription of final prosthetis was similar in all groups. Specifically, there was no delay in the group ambulated immediately. The immediate ambulators did have significantly greater stump pain requiring more analgesia than the group ambulated after suture removal. Patients with case applied by physical therapists used their prostheses more than patients with cases applied by prosthetists. There was no detectable difference among treatment groups with regard to participation in therapy, acceptance of prosthesis, and psychological status. Recommendation for management of AKA's include: use of rigid dressing; ambulation on pylon after suture removal; utilization of physical therapist for application of rigid dressings and alignment of pylon.
Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979 Sep
PMID:A prospective study of the rehabilitation of the above-knee amputee with rigid dressing. Comparison of immediate and delayed ambulation and the role of physical therapists and prosthetists. 29 37

The analgesic efficacy of a combination of pentazocine and aspirin (PA) in the ration 1:13 was compared with that of 650 mg of aspirin alone (A650) and with placebo (PBO), in 98 patients with postoperative pain. Two dose levels of the combination were compared: the lower dose (PA-L) consisted of pentazocine 25 mg and aspirin 325 mg, while the higher dose (PA-H) consisted of pentazocine 50 mg and aspirin 650 mg. All active treatments performed significantly better than PBO. PA-L performed as well as A650, while PA-H performed significantly better than A650. In addition to the usual subjective measures of analgesia, we obtained in 74 patients an evaluation of the overall (GLOBAL) performance of the treatment. This was rated on an ordinal scale of 1 ("poor") to 5 ("excellent"). On the GLOBAL scale, PBO had a mean score of 2.4 (fair-good); A650 and PA-L had scores of 3.6 and 3.9 respectively (good-very good): and PA-H had a score of 4.5 (very good-excellent). In five of six comparisons between treatment means, GLOBAL had the best discriminating power of all six measures. In the two comparisons of greatest interest (A650 against PBO and PA-H against A650), GLOBAL was more than twice as efficient as the TOTAL (summed pain score) measure. In comparing the statistical efficiency of different measures of the same analgesic effect, there is a problem in determining what are "clinically equivalent differences" on the various analgesic scales employed. We propose the use of the observed sample differences and the safeguard of repeating the comparisons over several studies to minimize the effect of random-origin bias.
Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977 Jan
PMID:Analgesic efficacy of an orally administered combination of pentazocine and aspirin. With observations on the use and statistical efficiency of GLOBAL subjective efficacy ratings. 31 51


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