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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pregnancy is associated with an increased sensitivity to both general and local anesthetics. The exact reason is uncertain, but increased concentrations of progesterone and endogenous opiates have been implicated. Therefore, we tested the ability of intrathecally administered progesterone to produce analgesia and to potentiate the effects of spinal sufentanil. Female rats had intrathecal catheters implanted for drug administration, and analgesia was measured using the tail flick assay or hemostat clamp test. Animals were pretreated first with 10 micrograms, 20 micrograms, or 40 micrograms of intrathecal progesterone (n = 5, for each dose) and then given a minimally analgesic dose of sufentanil. Pretreatment with progesterone potentiated sufentanil's effect and resulted in almost complete analgesia. In contrast, in animals not pretreated with progesterone, the same dose of sufentanil resulted in minimal analgesia (n = 15). Intrathecal progesterone alone had no analgesic effects. No behavioral or motor effects were noted after progesterone treatment. Cerebral spinal fluid progesterone levels were within physiologic range. Furthermore, 100 micrograms of progesterone administered intramuscularly did not potentiate sufentanil analgesia. A major progesterone metabolite, 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha-ol-20-one, 5 micrograms, 10 micrograms, or 20 micrograms (n = 5, for each dose), also potentiated sufentanil analgesia when administered intrathecally. In contrast, a stereoisomer, 5 beta-pregnane-3 beta-ol-20-one failed to show potentiation. Finally, two drugs that block gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated increases in chloride ion conductance, picrotoxin and bicuculline, each blocked progesterone-mediated potentiation of sufentanil analgesia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Progesterone-mediated potentiation of spinal sufentanil in rats. 846 10

Clinical practice guidelines should be written for the physician who sees patients who already have or are at high risk for osteoporosis. They should also guide the physician in distinguishing between those at high and low risk and provide general guidelines for prevention of osteoporosis for the low-risk patient. Patients at high risk may require intervention to prevent further bone loss. The guidelines should be based on the strongest evidence available and be easy to comprehend and apply. Methods to identify individuals at high risk for osteoporosis must be described. Effective interventions also should be described, as should their benefits and risks. Elderly individuals who have a poor diet and little sun exposure may be vitamin D deficient unless a supplement is given. Factors that may be deleterious to the skeleton should be avoided. Weight-bearing exercise is important throughout life. Assessment of fracture risk is important in choosing candidates for intervention, especially interventions aimed at preventing osteoporosis. Measuring bone mass at any skeletal site is the necessary initial step for most individuals; measurement at the hip may best assess the risk of hip fracture. Some risk factors independent of bone mass may also aid in patient selection. The WHO has defined osteoporosis as a bone mass at least 2.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the mean of young normal. Such individuals and those with bone mass from 1 to 2.5 SDs below the mean of young normal may also be considered for intervention. The decision will depend on assessments of the risks, the costs of treatment, the desire of the patient, and the presence of other independent risk factors. The patient with an acute fracture may require an orthopedic intervention and should receive adequate analgesia. Physical therapy is an important adjunct that aids recovery. A number of therapeutic interventions, including adequate calcium intake throughout life and an adequate vitamin D intake, are available to high-risk individuals. These interventions may be recommended generally and do not require a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Similarly, a safe weight-bearing exercise program that helps to maintain muscle strength can be recommended to older patients. Other forms of therapy include hormone replacement, bisphosphonates, and calcitonin. Vitamin D analogs and selective estrogen receptor modulators may be helpful in the future. The risks and costs of each therapy should be weighed against its benefit in slowing bone loss or increasing bone mass and reducing fractures.
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PMID:Development of clinical practice guidelines for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. 897 27

Vitamin D may have an important role in pain perception. Inadequate vitamin D levels are associated with suboptimal recovery after surgery. However, the effects of hypovitaminosis D on postoperative pain-related outcomes and its impact on health-related quality of life after surgery are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of hypovitaminosis D on postoperative pain-related outcomes and health-related quality of life at 3 months after knee arthroplasty.This was a longitudinal cohort study of 191 consecutive Hong Kong Chinese patients who were given patient-controlled morphine analgesia for up to 72 hours after 214 knee arthroplasties. Serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentration was assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The primary outcomes were postoperative pain intensity at rest scores (0-72 h), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) osteoarthritis index (pain, stiffness and function), and moderate-to-severe persistent pain (transformed WOMAC pain score of 0-75 at 3 months after knee arthroplasty; 0, extreme pain; 100, no pain). Group differences were analyzed using generalized estimating equation models and a logistic regression model.The prevalence of preoperative hypovitaminosis D (25-OHD <50 nmol/L) was 44% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37%-51%). There were transient higher pain intensity scores in the moderate-to-severe hypovitaminosis D (25-OHD <30 nmol/L) group compared with the sufficient vitamin D group. Vitamin D status had no effect on total WOMAC index (P = 0.22). The incidence of moderate-to-severe persistent pain was 9% (95% CI: 6%-14%). Hypovitaminosis D increased the risk of moderate-to-severe persistent pain (adjusted odds ratio 2.64, 95% CI: 1.03-6.77).Preoperative hypovitaminosis D had subtle effects on pain intensity scores in the early postoperative period and is a risk factor for moderate-to-severe persistent pain after knee arthroplasty. Hypovitaminosis D was not associated with worse health-related quality of life at 3 months after knee arthroplasty.
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PMID:Effect of Hypovitaminosis D on Postoperative Pain Outcomes and Short-Term Health-Related Quality of Life After Knee Arthroplasty: A Cohort Study. 2649 17