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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We investigated the haemodynamic effects and the efficacy of a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine without a loading dose in 50 patients having had cardiac surgery (n = 33), complex major surgery (n = 9) and multiple trauma (n = 8). The mean age was 60 (+/- 16) years, and the mean APACHE II score was 13 (+/- 5). Dexmedetomidine was commenced at an initial rate of 0.2 to 0.4 microg/kg/h (depending on whether anaesthetic or sedative agents had already been used) and rescue analgesia and sedation was administered with morphine and midazolam respectively. Propofol was used if additional sedation was needed. Sedation was targeted to a modified Motor Activity Assessment Score. Eighty percent of patients required no or "minimal" rescue therapy (< 10 mg midazolam/day and/or < 10 mg morphine/day and/or < 100 mg propofol/day). The cardiac surgery group needed the least rescue therapy. A statistically significant but clinically unimportant reduction in mean heart rate and mean systolic blood pressure was observed over the first six hours (P < 0.0001, and P = 0.009 respectively). The baseline heart rate of 85 (+/- 17) beats per minute (bpm), fell to a low of 78 (+/- 13) bpm at four hours and then remained stable throughout the infusion period. The systolic blood pressure fell from 125 (+/- 22) mmHg to a low of 112 (+/- 20) mmHg at 1.5 hours with minimal change afterwards. Dexmedetomidine was an effective sedative and analgesic in this group of complex surgical and trauma patients with pronounced benefit in the cardiac surgery group. Omitting the loading dose avoided undesirable haemodynamic effects without compromising sedation and analgesia.
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PMID:Dexmedetomidine infusion without loading dose in surgical patients requiring mechanical ventilation: haemodynamic effects and efficacy. 1564 81

Various clinical situations may arise in the PICU that necessitate the use of sedation, analgesia, or both. Although there is a large clinical experience with midazolam in the PICU population and it remains the most commonly used benzodiazepine in this setting, lorazepam may provide an effective alternative, with a longer half-life and more predictable pharmacokinetics without the concern of active metabolites. However, there are limited reports regarding its use in the PICU population, and concerns exist regarding the potential for toxicity related to its diluent, propylene glycol. Although the synthetic opioid fentanyl frequently is chosen for use in the PICU setting because of its hemodynamic stability, preliminary data suggest morphine may have a slower development of tolerance and may cause fewer withdrawal symptoms than fentanyl. Morphine's safety profile includes long-term follow-up studies that have demonstrated no adverse central nervous system developmental effects from its use in neonates and infants. In the critically ill infant at risk following surgery for congenital heart disease, clinical experience supports the use of the synthetic opioids, given their ability to modulate PVR and prevent pulmonary hypertensive crisis. Alternatives to the benzodiazepines and opioids include ketamine, pentobarbital, or dexmedetomidine. Ketamine may be useful for patients with hemodynamic instability or airway reactivity. There are limited reports regarding the use of pentobarbital in the PICU, with one study raising concerns of a high incidence of adverse effects associated with its use. Propofol has gained great favor in the adult population as a means of providing deep sedation while allowing for rapid awakening; however, its routine use is not recommended because of its potential association with "propofol infusion syndrome." As the pediatric experience increases, it appears that there will be a role for newer agents such as dexmedetomidine.
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PMID:Sedation and analgesia in the pediatric intensive care unit. 1614 52

Sedation for short but potentially painful procedures is often undertaken in the emergency department. The ideal sedative regimen should provide analgesia and anxiolysis with minimal side effects and cardiorespiratory depression and rapid recovery post-procedure. Propofol has found increasing popularity with anaesthetists for sedation in the operating theatre. This is a review of the current literature looking at the use of propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department. A comprehensive literature search of Medline from 1966 to week 4 of 2005, Embase from 1980 to week 10 of 2005, and the Cochrane Library was carried out using the OVID interface. Eight articles were selected for review. The evidence suggests that propofol is both effective and safe to use in the emergency department. However, several of the papers reviewed used deep levels of sedation that are not recommended in the UK by non-anaesthetists.
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PMID:A review of the use of propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department. 1643 33

Autoregressive modeling with exogenous input of middle-latency auditory evoked potentials (A-Line AEP index, AAI) has been developed for monitoring depth of anesthesia. We investigated the prediction of recovery and dose-response relationship of desflurane and AAI or bispectral index (BIS) values. Twenty adult men scheduled for radical prostatectomy were recruited. To minimize opioid effects, analgesia was provided by a concurrent epidural in addition to the general anesthetic. Electrodes for AAI and BIS monitoring and a headphone for auditory stimuli were applied. Propofol and remifentanil were used for anesthetic induction. Maintenance of anesthesia was with desflurane only. For comparison to AAI and BIS monitor parameters, pharmacokinetic models for desflurane and propofol distribution and effect-site concentrations were used to predict clinical end-points (Prediction probability P(K)). Patients opened their eyes at an AAI value of 47 +/- 20 and a BIS value of 77 +/- 14 (mean +/- sd), and the prediction probability for eye opening was P(K) = 0.81 for AAI, P(K) = 0.89 for BIS, and P(K) = 0.91 for desflurane effect-site concentration. The opening of eyes was best predicted by the calculated desflurane effect-site concentration. The relationship between predicted desflurane effect-site concentration versus AAI and BIS was calculated by nonlinear regression analysis (r = 0.75 for AAI and r = 0.80 for BIS). The correlation between BIS and clinical end-points of anesthesia or the desflurane effect-compartment concentration is better than for the AAI.
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PMID:A-line, bispectral index, and estimated effect-site concentrations: a prediction of clinical end-points of anesthesia. 1655 13

The aim of sedation and analgesia is to prevent secondary brain insult. The goals of sedation are the prevention and treatment of intracranial hypertension and systemic disorders. In such situation, the use of sedative and analgesic therapy should respect the rate of cerebral blood flow/cerebral oxygen consumption coupling while preserving cerebral perfusion pressure and decreasing the intracranial pressure. This treatment should have an analgesic and myorelaxing action with short and predictable time of action. The optimal agent with all these characteristics does not exist, but the combination of several pharmacological compounds may reach this goal. Benzodiazepines are the most frequently agents used. In most of cases they are associated with analgesics like opioids or ketamine. Opioids are the basis of analgesia because they do not produce brain haemodynamic alterations if arterial pressure is maintained. Ketamine, which use in this indication is matter of debate, has the advantage to maintain haemodynamics. Ketamine has no side effects on brain haemodynamics when used in combination with propofol or midazolam. Because of their side effects on haemodynamics and immune response, barbituric are no longer used as long term sedative agents. However, they are still recommended in cases of refractory intracranial hypertension. Propofol remains the optimal sedative agent because of its short duration action although its use is restricted because it is an expensive drug. Its use is recommended for short time sedation with or without opioids. The use of neuromuscular blockers should be focused on the patients with an intracranial hypertension refractory to standard treatment. The presence of brain damage in patients makes difficult to assess the level of sedation. One should avoid over sedation, which increases morbidity by prolongation of the duration of mechanical ventilation.
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PMID:[What sedation for prevention and treatment secondary brain insult?]. 1671 68

In chronic opioid abusers, sedation and analgesia present challenges. We describe two trauma patients with naltrexone implants (depot micro-receptor antagonists that facilitate opioid withdrawal) requiring intensive care. The first patient, a 28-year-old man, sustained chest and pelvic injuries when hit by a motor vehicle. When we learned of the implant he was already on a morphine infusion, appearing responsive to it. It subsequently emerged that the implant was placed 3 months earlier, but had only a 6-week duration of effect and had expired. His intensive care course was unaffected. The second patient, a 24-year-old man, had been stabbed in the chest. His implant being recently placed, he was markedly opioid insensitive. Propofol, tramadol and paracetamol proved effective. We wish to notify colleagues of the existence of these implants as they are increasingly widely used, and should be considered when encountering severe opioid resistance. Secondly, their role in managing opioid-dependent physicians appears promising.
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PMID:Analgesia and sedation in the presence of a naltrexone implant: a novel pharmacological challenge. 1696 43

Propofol is rapidly becoming one of the most popular procedural sedation and analgesia agents in emergency medicine. However, in many hospitals emergency physicians lack access to this potent sedative. This article details the evidence and politics underlying this area of controversy, the nature and authority of hospital-wide sedation policies, and discussion of the most common criticisms of emergency department use of propofol.
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PMID:Barriers to propofol use in emergency medicine. 1829 74

Sedation/analgesia is a mode of anaesthesia which facilitates an uncomfortable or painful procedure, such as gastrointestinal endoscopy, in a rousable and cooperative patient. The objective of the study was to assess the practice trends for administering sedation analgesia in non operative locations in Aga Khan Hospital, Karachi by anaesthetists. It was a descriptive study which retrospective reviewed anaesthesia records. A total of 41 ASA I-IV cases were reviewed. Non invasive cardiorespiratory monitoring and clinical sedation monitoring were applied. Intravenous Propofol infusion and midazolam boluses were used, singly or in combination with fentanyl boluses. All our patients recovered uneventfully within 5 minutes of the end of procedure. The practice trends for drug regimens are similar to those reported in recent literature. However we need to provide BIS monitoring, target controlled and patient maintained sedation to enhance patient and operator comfort.
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PMID:Sedation-analgesia in non operative locations: practice trends of anaesthetists. 1833 28

Providing adequate sedation in the neurologic intensive care unit (ICU) depends on determination of proper goals for sedation, adequate assessment of the level of sedation, and appropriate choice of drug based on the patient's physiology. The management of sedation in the ICU will influence long-term outcome. Delirium, anxiety, and pain must be identified and treated separately. The use of protocols can improve compliance with published evidence-based recommendations. Propofol and dexmedetomidine may be used for rapidly titratable sedation, benzodiazepines for anxiolysis, neuroleptics for treatment of delirium, and opiates for analgesia. Unique aspects of patients with acute brain disease, such as elevated intracranial pressure or status epilepticus, require adaptation of sedative regimens. Processed EEG monitoring and volatile anesthetic agents have not yet proven beneficial or practical for use in the ICU.
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PMID:Sedation in the neurologic intensive care unit. 1833 34

Sedation and analgesia are a constant challenging issue in paediatric intensive care units, for ethical reasons among others. Basically, goals and available treatments in that context do not differ from those in adults. For instance, while we propose midazolam as the first choice benzodiazepine, there is no evidence for encouraging the use of one morphinomimetic rather than others in children. On the other hand, numerous paediatric specificities do exist: understanding and expression of pain both different and difficult, presence and involvement of the parents, pain assessment methods, pharmacology, pathologies. It is therefore mandatory to know these specificities to ensure a proper use of evaluation tools and therapeutics. The paucity of strong evidence from the literature does not allow producing definitive consensus guidelines. However, some practices can be highlighted such as the use of written protocol on pain/sedation evaluation and therapeutics adapted to children, literature data and local habits, the training of medical/nursing staff and the constitution of local referring team. A particular attention should be paid to propofol: its use longer than several hours should be strongly discouraged in infants and children due to the risk of Propofol Infusion Syndrome. Further clinical studies should be conducted in an attempt to provide answers to routine, daily issues and questions, for example, how to tailor the level of sedation to the needs of the patient, how to stop it, which drug must be preferred or what place for non-pharmacological approaches.
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PMID:[Sedation and analgesia in the paediatric intensive care unit]. 1861 30


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