Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

213 caesarean sections and 157 hysterectomies were carried out in gilts and sows with different body weight (table I). The neuroleptic Azaperone and the hypnotic Metomidate were used for anaesthesia with different administration (table II). Local analgesia and premedication with Atropine. The duration of the anaesthesia was 45 minutes and where prolongation was necessary, Metomidate, Azaperone or barbiturates were used alone or in combinations once or more. The indications (table III) for caesarean section were retarded birth in 70 sows, dislocation of uterus in 74 sows and in 69 sows by other indications. Hysterectomy was indicated by retarded birth in 93 sows, dislocations of uterus in 40 cases and in 24 cases by other indications. In 183 operations (table IV) 1006 living piglets were delivered, and 703 were alive at discharge (70%). The chances of survival depends on the composition of the litter, in litters of piglets alive only, 76% survived at discharge; in litters consisting of both alive and stillborn 69% survived and 59% survived in litters consisting of piglets alive and post mortem piglets. The total survival of the sows was 78%, 80% after caesarean section and 76% after hysterectomy. It is pointed out that most of the patients operated were in a very late phase of birth.
 ...
PMID:[Caesarean section in sows anesthetized with Azaperone and Metomidate (author's transl)]. 0 2

Eighteen dogs of Tanzanian breeds divided into three groups of 6 were anaesthetized using either azaperone-metomidate (2 mg/kg, i.m. and 10 mg/kg i.p., respectively), propionyl promazine-xylazine-metomidate (2 mg/kg i.m., 1 mg/kg i.m. and 10 mg/kg i.p., respectively), or xylazine-ketamine (1 mg/kg i.m. and 11 mg/kg i.m., respectively). The clinical effects on respiration rate, heart rate and body temperature were studied until recovery. Hypersensitivity to noise was associated with azaperone metomidate anaesthesia. The other combination produced a smooth and uneventful induction and recovery from anaesthesia. Muscle relaxation and analgesia were adequate in all groups. Duration of xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia was shortest (30 +/- 5 minutes) followed by azaperone metomidate (50 +/- 15 minutes) and the longest duration was with propionyl promazine-xylazine-ketamine (120 minutes). Azaperone and metomidate was associated with marked increases in cardiac and respiration rates and marked hypothermia, which persisted throughout. Minimal changes were observed in the other combinations. Azaperone-metomidate seems to be preferable due to the moderate period of anaesthesia adequate for most operations. However, all the three combinations offer a practical application because of the convenient route of administration.
 ...
PMID:Clinical effects of azaperone-metomidate, as compared to propionylpromazine-xylazine-metomidate or xylazine-ketamine combinations in anaesthesia of dogs. 256 60

Pigs are not only anaesthetized in case of operations but often also if diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are necessary. Choice of the anaesthetic and way of application depend on the size of the patient and the indication. The only important local anaesthesia in pigs is epidural anaesthesia. It is indicated in all longer lasting painful procedures in caudal regions. The technique of this anaesthesia is described. From the possible methods of general anaesthesias, in practice injection anaesthesia has been generally accepted for several reasons. Together with barbiturate anaesthesia neurolept-analgesia with Azaperone--Metomidate has become more and more important, because with this form of anaesthesia the technically easy intra-abdominal application is possible in pigs under 15 kg of body weight.
 ...
PMID:[Anesthesia in swine]. 289 38

The objective of the investigation was to evaluate quantitatively the analgesic efficacy of the Ketamine-Azaperone-general anesthesia during surgical procedures on pigs by nociceptive flexor reflexes (NFR). The study was performed in 30 four to five month old male pigs which were castrated. The NFR was evoked every minute over the N. ulnaris by multiple electrical stimulation consisting of five single stimuli (2 Hz). The reflex response was derived electromyographically (EMG) by surface electrodes placed over the M. deltoideus. The root-mean-square amplitude within the time interval of 80-240 ms after the last stimulus was calculated as measure for the reflex size. The threshold was fixed at 40 microV. Beside electrical NFR recording the surgical tolerance was determined by the traditional interdigital reflex and the defense reaction to defined surgical test stimuli which were incisisions in the scrotal skin, in the tunica vaginalis and in the testis, pulling off the spermatic cord, clamping and cutting off the spermatic cord and final wound disinfection. All surgical pain stimuli were performed simultaneously with the electrical stimuli. After induction of anesthesia the NFR amplitude declined from 3500 microV below the threshold of 40 microV. At 98% of the surgical stimuli without defense reaction were below the reflex threshold. At 93% with defense reactions demonstrated reflex amplitudes above the threshold. When the interdigital reflex was suppressed, 89% of the NFR values fell below the threshold of 40 microV. These findings demonstrate a good correlation of NFR-amplitudes with reactions to traditional controls of analgesia.
 ...
PMID:[Evaluation of perioperative analgesia by nociceptive flexor reflex in pigs under ketamine-azaperone-general anaesthesia]. 2251 26