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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During a twelve-month period, 416 children with acute abdominal pain required emergency admission to Southampton General Hospital; 46% had operations. Appendicitis was the commonest organic cause of acute abdominal pain identified (31%). Constipation (9%) can present as acute abdominal pain simulating appendicitis. All children should have a urine sample examined microscopically and the finding of significant pyuria is suggestive, but not diagnostic, of a urinary tract infection (7%). Mesenteric adenitis, which can only be diagnosed with certainty at laparotomy, was less common (4%). Despite careful clinical assessment and follow up, 45% of children in this series remained undiagnosed. Sedation but not analgesia may assist in the diagnosis of the acute abdomen in children.
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PMID:Acute abdominal pain in children. 724 73

Despite physiological advances and recent progress in pain relief, early analgesia for patients with acute abdominal pain is not a conventional endpoint. In clinical practice, priority is often given to diagnosis and management decisions. There are few controlled trials to settle the issue and opinions are still divided. recent studies suggest than early and effective analgesia in acute abdomen does not interfere with diagnosis, and even facilitates initial examination. Various modes of analgesia can be considered.
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PMID:[Abdominal syndromes and analgesia]. 903 30

The objective of this study was to examine current practice patterns of analgesia administration among emergency physicians (EPs) when caring for a patient with an acute abdomen. Cross sectional data were acquired by a survey mailed in October 1997 to 1,000 American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) members from a purchased ACEP mailing list which contained 1,000 randomized ACEP members. A repeat survey was sent to nonresponders 2 months later and a random subset of recurrent nonresponders were telephoned. The questionnaire focused on physician demographics, practice patterns, and factors which influenced physician decision of when and whether to administer pain medication, specifically opiates, to patients with an acute abdomen. Forty-four percent of surveys were returned. Seventy-seven percent of respondents were men with an average of 10 years of experience. Fifty-seven percent were residency trained in emergency medicine. Although eighty-five percent felt that the conservative administration of pain medication did not change important physical findings on the physical examination, 76% choose not to give an opiate analgesic until after the examination by a surgeon. Twenty-five percent of patients did not receive any pain medication in the department. In conclusion, although EPs report that the judicious administration of pain medication does not mask important examination findings, the majority wait until after the surgeon has evaluated the patient to deliver analgesics.
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PMID:Analgesic administration to patients with an acute abdomen: a survey of emergency medicine physicians. 1083 Jun 76

Acute pancreatitis is a relatively common disease with an incidence of 30 per 100,000 persons per year. In the United States, more than 80% of the cases are related to biliary stones or alcohol use. It is a potentially fatal disease with an overall mortality of 5% to 10%. When first seen, patients have an acute abdomen. It is imperative that the diagnosis be established rapidly with a thorough history, physical examination, and appropriate laboratory and imaging studies. Prompt determination of patients who need referral for intensive care or consultation is crucial. There is no specific treatment for most patients with acute pancreatitis. Supportive care includes intravenous administration of fluids, parenterally administered analgesia, nutritional support, and prevention and treatment of complications.
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PMID:Acute pancreatitis. 1139 14

We report a case of primipara with triplet pregnancy who underwent combined spinal and epidural anesthesia 10 weeks after epidural blood patch. At 15 weeks of gestation, a woman with triplet gestation underwent Shirodkar operation under spinal anesthesia and subsequent epidural blood patch as a treatment of post-dural puncture headache. At 26 weeks she presented with acute abdomen and laparotomy was scheduled. Spinal anesthesia was selected with an epidural catheter inserted in case of prolonged operation and for postoperative pain control. The placement of an epidural catheter was without problem. Laparotomy revealed right paraovarian cyst torsion and the right salpingo-paraoophocystectomy was performed. Patient-controlled analgesia with epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl was effectively continued for two days. Postoperative course was uneventful and the triplets were delivered by cesarean section at 35 weeks.
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PMID:[Anesthesia for a woman with triplet pregnancy presenting with acute abdomen after the recent epidural blood patch]. 1453 Dec 58

Abdominal pain is a common complaint for visits to ED. Among the causes of abdominal pain, the acute porphyria may confuse emergency physicians. With wide range of unspecific symptoms and signs, acute porphyria is rarely considered as a differential diagnosis of acute abdomen in ED. Some patients even receive unnecessary surgery. There are 32 patients who visited the ED of National Taiwan University Hospital because of acute porphyric attacks over the past 13 years. Ten patients (3 males and 7 females) were diagnosed with acute porphyria for the first time at ED. The onset of age ranged from 17 to 55 years (mean, 32 years). All of our patients presented with abdominal pain but without fever, dermatologic, and neurologic symptoms that are typically presented in acute porphyria. On the average, most of them repeatedly sought for medical help because of persistent symptoms for 4 times before being definitely diagnosed and thus receiving the optimal treatment. Meanwhile, all patients needed at least 2 kinds of analgesic, and most of them needed narcotic analgesia for pain control before diagnosis. The most commonest point of tenderness is over epigastrium (7 of 10 patients). The laboratory and image studies of our patients were of no diagnostic value for acute porphyria, except for Watson-Schwartz test. In summary, our study revealed that when a patient after puberty with repetitive visits because of severe abdominal pain without reasonable causes and needs narcotics for pain control, acute porphyria should be taken into consideration.
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PMID:ED presentation of acute porphyria. 1576 37

Timely and important studies are reviewed and commentaries provided by leading palliative care clinicians. Symptoms, interventions, mechanisms of action, and treatment-related adverse events addressed in this issue are: analgesia in the management of the acute abdomen; comparative antibiotic treatment of Clostridium difficile; impact of weather on joint pain; treatment of constipation; and, risk of increased mortality with antipsychotics in dementia patients.
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PMID:Pain and palliative care pharmacotherapy literature summaries and analyses. 1904 39

Acute abdomen can be defined as a medical emergency in which there is sudden and severe pain in abdomen with accompanying signs and symptoms that focus on an abdominal involvement. It accounts for about 8 % of all children attending the emergency department. The goal of emergency management is to identify and treat any life-threatening medical or surgical disease condition and relief from pain. In mild cases often the cause is gastritis or gastroenteritis, colic, constipation, pharyngo-tonsilitis, viral syndromes or acute febrile illnesses. The common surgical causes are malrotation and Volvulus (in early infancy), intussusception, acute appendicitis, and typhoid and ischemic enteritis with perforation. Lower lobe pneumonia, diabetic ketoacidosis and acute porphyria should be considered in patients with moderate-severe pain with little localizing findings in abdomen. The approach to management in ED should include, in order of priority, a rapid cardiopulmonary assessment to ensure hemodynamic stability, focused history and examination, surgical consult and radiologic examination to exclude life threatening surgical conditions, pain relief and specific diagnosis. In a sick patient the initial steps include rapid IV access and normal saline 20 ml/kg (in the presence of shock/hypovolemia), adequate analgesia, nothing per oral/IV fluids, Ryle's tube aspiration and surgical consultation. An ultrasound abdomen is the first investigation in almost all cases with moderate and severe pain with localizing abdominal findings. In patients with significant abdominal trauma or features of pancreatitis, a Contrast enhanced computerized tomography (CECT) abdomen will be a better initial modality. Continuous monitoring and repeated physical examinations should be done in all cases. Specific management varies according to the specific etiology.
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PMID:Emergency management of acute abdomen in children. 2345 44

The appropriate pain management in neonates and children is lacking. Factors that prevent the execution of proper pain relief vary from center to center. We studied the factors responsible for it in a surgical unit. We conducted a survey at a tertiary-level institute among the resident doctors and nursing staff by means of an informal questionnaire analyzing their basic knowledge. The questions pertained mainly to pain assessment, analgesic usage, role of opioids, and formal training, and the responses so obtained were analyzed under these four headings. Seventy-three percent (22/30) of the residents and 74% (26/35) of the nursing staff knew about pain assessment scoring system in pediatric patients. However, assessment of pain in emergency cases was always done by only 6.6% of the residents. Effect of analgesia on severity of pain was never recorded by 33% (10/30) of the residents. Eighty-six percent (26/30) of the residents and 91% (32/35) of the nursing staff had adequate knowledge about analgesic dosage and interval for routine use. Ten of the 30 (33%) residents believed that analgesic administration in an acute abdomen, before definitive diagnosis, will always mask the symptoms. During a minor procedure, 56% (17/30) of the residents always used analgesia. Only 3.3% (1/30) of residents and 2.8% (1/35) of the nursing staff had received a structured training for pain management. Although, 93% (28/30) of the residents claimed to know about the safety of use of opioids, only 46% (14/30) used them routinely as analgesics. Pain management in surgical neonates and children is often ignored. Lack of formal training, inadequate knowledge, and standard protocols are the barriers in our setup, which may in turn be due to overwhelming attention given to the surgical condition.
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PMID:Barriers to Pediatric Pain Management in Children Undergoing Surgery: A Survey of Health Care Providers. 2665 7

Since acute abdomen requires accurate diagnosis and treatment within a particular time limit to prevent mortality, the Japanese Society for Abdominal Emergency Medicine, in collaboration with four other medical societies, launched the Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen that were the first English guidelines in the world for the management of acute abdomen. Here we provide the highlights of these guidelines (all clinical questions and recommendations were shown in supplementary information). A systematic and comprehensive evaluation of the evidence for epidemiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and primary treatment for acute abdomen was performed to develop the Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015. Because many types of pathophysiological events underlie acute abdomen, these guidelines cover the primary care of adult patients with nontraumatic acute abdomen. A total of 108 questions based on nine subject areas were used to compile 113 recommendations. The subject areas included definition, epidemiology, history taking, physical examination, laboratory test, imaging studies, differential diagnosis, initial treatment, and education. Japanese medical circumstances were considered for grading the recommendations to assure useful information. The two-step methods for the initial management of acute abdomen were proposed. Early use of transfusion and analgesia, particularly intravenous acetaminophen, were recommended. The Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015 have been prepared as the first evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute abdomen. We hope that these guidelines contribute to clinical practice and improve the primary care and prognosis of patients with acute abdomen.
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PMID:Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015. 2669 73


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