Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cholecystokinin was one of the first gastrointestinal peptides discovered in the mammalian brain. In the central nervous system there is evidence for CCKA and CCKB receptor subtypes. The CCKA receptors occur in a few localized areas of the central and peripheral nervous systems where they modulate feeding and dopamine-induced behavior. CCKB receptors occur throughout the central nervous system where they modulate anxiety, analgesia, arousal, and neuroleptic activity. We have recently purified and cloned a CCKA receptor cDNA from rat pancreas that allowed isolation of an identical cDNA from rat brain by using the polymerase chain reaction. Using low-stringency hybridization screening of cDNA libraries from rat brain and AR42-J cells, which possess large numbers of CCKB receptors, we identified previously unreported cDNAs, the sequence of which were identical in both tissues. The cDNA sequence encodes a 452-amino acid protein that is 48% identical to the CCKA receptor and contains seven transmembrane domains characteristics of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein-coupled receptors. COS-7 cells transfected with this cDNA expressed binding sites for agonists and antagonists characteristic of a CCKB receptor subtype. We conclude that this cDNA isolated from rat brain and AR42-J cells is a receptor of the CCKB subtype and that the respective cDNAs for both CCKA and CCKB are identical in the brain and gastrointestinal system.
 ...
PMID:Brain and gastrointestinal cholecystokinin receptor family: structure and functional expression. 152 81

Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) are a family of proteins known to accelerate termination of effector stimulation after G protein receptor activation. RGS9-2, a brain-specific splice variant of the RGS9 gene, is highly enriched in striatum and also expressed at much lower levels in periaqueductal gray and spinal cord, structures known to mediate various actions of morphine and other opiates. Morphine exerts its acute rewarding and analgesic effects by activation of inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein-coupled opioid receptors, whereas chronic morphine causes addiction, tolerance to its acute analgesic effects, and profound physical dependence by sustained activation of these receptors. We show here that acute morphine administration increases expression of RGS9-2 in NAc and the other CNS regions, whereas chronic exposure decreases RGS9-2 levels. Mice lacking RGS9 show enhanced behavioral responses to acute and chronic morphine, including a dramatic increase in morphine reward, increased morphine analgesia with delayed tolerance, and exacerbated morphine physical dependence and withdrawal. These findings establish RGS9 as a potent negative modulator of opiate action in vivo, and suggest that opiate-induced changes in RGS9 levels contribute to the behavioral and neural plasticity associated with chronic opiate administration.
 ...
PMID:Essential role for RGS9 in opiate action. 1459 21

Opioid drugs produce their pharmacological effects by activating inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein-linked mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. One major effector for these receptors is adenylyl cyclase, which is inhibited upon receptor activation. However, little is known about which of the ten known forms of adenylyl cyclase are involved in mediating opioid actions. Here we show that all of the major behavioral effects of morphine, including locomotor activation, analgesia, tolerance, reward, and physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms, are attenuated in mice lacking adenylyl cyclase type 5 (AC5), a form of adenylyl cyclase that is highly enriched in striatum. Furthermore, the behavioral effects of selective mu or delta opioid receptor agonists are lost in AC5-/- mice, whereas the behavioral effects of selective kappa opioid receptor agonists are unaffected. These behavioral data are consistent with the observation that the ability of a mu or delta opioid receptor agonist to suppress adenylyl cyclase activity was absent in striatum of AC5-/- mice. Together, these results establish AC5 as an important component of mu and delta opioid receptor signal transduction mechanisms in vivo and provide further support for the importance of the cAMP pathway as a critical mediator of opioid action.
 ...
PMID:Adenylyl cyclase type 5 (AC5) is an essential mediator of morphine action. 1653 60