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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Management of the chronic pain of cancer is a common and difficult problem. In addition to a medical examination of the patient, it is necessary to perform a psychological assessment of his premorbid personality, current mental status, and coping mechanisms to devise an individualized approach to his pain. The mainstay of cancer pain control are the narcotics, which differ primarily in potency and duration of action. Nonnarcotic analgesics are equianalgesic with the less potent narcotics. Antipsychotic drugs are useful as tranquilizers, antiemetics, and analgesic potentiators. Antidepressants and hypnotics permit the patient a more normal life-style. Stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines both potentiate narcotic analgesia and reduce narcotic-induced somnolence and respiratory depression. Tetrahydrocannabinol offers no advantage over traditional analgesics. With care and patience, the physician can render practically any cancer patient pain-free.
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PMID:Medical management of chronic cancer pain. 3 26

Two hundred patients scheduled for various surgical procedures, under subarachnoid and epidural anaesthesia were divided in two groups of 100 for each technique. Subarachnoid analgesia was obtained with five per cent lidocaine, while epidural analgesia was accomplished with 1.5 per cent or 2 per cent lidocaine with adrenaline. This study shows that phantom sensation is painless and self limiting and that it lasts only for the duration of motor and proprioceptive blockade. It does not require any special treatment except psychotherapy, supplemented if needed by tranquilizers. Patients should be positioned after motor blockade has been established.
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PMID:Phanton limb sensation under subarachnoid and epidural analgesia - a comparative clinical study of two hundred cases. 46 45

Chemical restraint can be a useful pharmacologic tool to assist the veterinarian performing surgery in the standing horse. The agents discussed impose minimal adverse side effects and are considered relatively safe when administered in the doses described. Acetylpromazine, the most widely used tranquilizer, produces mild sedation but no analgesia. The use of tranquilizers for surgical procedures requires the combined use of either a local anesthetic technique or a sedative-hypnotic or opiate to provide analgesia. Sedative-hypnotics such as xylazine and detomidine or opiates such as morphine and butorphanol are commonly used. The sedative-hypnotics also can induce deep CNS depression and may be sufficient alone for many procedures. Opiates may be used to supplement the analgesia produced by sedative-hypnotics or provide analgesia to the tranquilized horse. Opiates are not useful alone because of their potential to cause CNS excitement in the horse. The combination of detomidine and butorphanol is probably the most effective drug combination to facilitate painful surgery in the standing horse.
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PMID:Chemical restraint for surgery in the standing horse. 182 Feb 24

A technique is described for the use of moradol as an agent ensuring analgesia in modern combined general anesthesia during abdominal and thoracic surgery, cardiac surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass included, and diagnostic manipulations. Moradol was particularly effective for long-term surgery. The drug was also useful for premedication (0.06 mg/kg) and needed no combination with any tranquilizers or analgesics. Agonist opioid activity of moradol was maximum 10 min after its intravenous administration, therefore a 5 to 10 min exposition upon moradol injection prior to hypnotic drug administration is suggested. Bolus drug dose (150 mg/kg) for induction to anesthesia was an adequate protection against pain impulsation in surgical trauma in the course of 3-4 hours of surgical intervention.
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PMID:[Moradol (butorphanol tartrate) as the analgesic component of current combination general anesthesia]. 207 67

Chemical restraint in the standing horse is used for a variety of procedures in veterinary medicine. The choice of agent depends on the physical status, temperament, and size of the patient; the procedure to be performed; and safety for the patient, veterinarian, and owner. The combination of certain agents may provide more desirable restraint and analgesia than does the use of individual agents. The use of analgesics in the horse is not without side effects, some of which may be detrimental to the patient's condition. Analgesics should be chosen with these untoward effects in mind. Draft breeds possess differences that may provide a challenge to the practitioner. One such difference is their clinically apparent increased sensitivity to tranquilizers and sedative-hypnotics; consequently, reduced dose regimens for chemical restraint should be employed initially.
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PMID:Chemical restraint and analgesia in the horse. 228 44

Analgesia and anesthesia during labor were surveyed by the use of a questionnaire sent to university hospitals in USA, UK, France, FRG, GDR, Japan, and also other types of institutions in Japan. A rather negative attitude toward analgesia and anesthesia during labor was encountered less often in Japan than in USA, UK, and FRG, but the actual frequency of use was much less in Japan. Narcotics and/or tranquilizers were most frequently used in the first stage of labor. The only exception was France where lumbar epidural anesthesia was actually used as a method of choice at 70% of the institutions. Lumbar epidural anesthesia or some other regional block was the method of choice in the second stage except in UK where inhalation of nitrous oxide was the method of choice at 48% of the institutions. Augmentation of labor was much more frequent and the number of annual deliveries were much less in Japan. Higher C-section rate was seen in USA.
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PMID:Analgesia and anesthesia during labor in Japan and developed countries. 259 85

The influence of Ro 15-1788 and bicuculline on the action of GABA-positive drugs (muscimol), GABA cethyl ester, piracetam and depakine and benzodiazepine tranquilizers (diazepam, phenazepam) on motivated aggression has been studied. It has been shown that Ro 15-1788 which has a weak antiaggressive effect selectively antagonizes the anti-aggressive effect of tranquilizers but not that of GABA-positive drugs. Bicuculline antagonizes antiaggressive activity of the drugs of both types. The action of these antagonists on the effect of the drugs under study as regards the analgetic activity of morphine was also studied. It has been shown that Ro 15-1788 antagonizes the potentiation of morphine analgesia caused by diazepam. At the same time Ro 15-1788 does not influence morphine analgesia potentiated by muscimol. Bicuculline removes the potentiation of morphine analgesia caused both by diazepam and muscimol it is concluded that bicuculline-sensitive GABA receptors modulate the antiaggressive effect of benzodiazepines and their influence on the analgetic action of opiates.
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PMID:[Antagonism of RO 15-1788 with benzodiazepines in the effect on motivated aggression and the action of analgesics]. 285 59

To determine how pain is assessed and managed in the early postoperative period, what the prescribing habits and general opinions on postoperative pain are, and what suggestions for future improvement could be made, questionnaires were sent to 430 anesthesia departments in the FRG. Of these, 188 were returned (38% response). Systemic treatment (opiates, major and minor tranquilizers, peripherally acting analgesics and spasmolytics) was preferred in most cases, although regional anesthesia/analgesia seems to be rather popular. Data are given not only for analgesic techniques, but also for the most frequently used drugs. The study highlighted deficiencies in communication between the anesthetic staff and the patients that resulted in poor assessment of acute pain problems. The findings indicate a need to document pain and pain relief more often and more precisely in order to improve postoperative pain control.
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PMID:[Status of postoperative pain therapy in West Germany. Results of a representative survey]. 288 94

Chloral hydrate (CH) and alpha-chloralose (CS) are often used to anesthetize laboratory animals although, to our knowledge, there have been no controlled studies of their anesthetic or analgesic effects. Induction of and recovery from anesthesia can be stressful, and anesthesia and analgesic quality have been questioned. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of CH has resulted in adynamic ileus and peritonitis in rats, gastric ulcers in rats, and peritonitis in swine. Light anesthesia is induced in rats. In dogs, CH induces sedation to deep anesthesia when given intravenously. Gastric irritation in dogs can occur when CH is given orally. Chloral hydrate is considered a good sedative-hypnotic for farm animals. Intravenously administered CS anesthetizes dogs and cats for 5 to 10 hours, but the animals may require respiratory support. Chloralose appears to be a satisfactory anesthetic for dogs when stage III thiobarbiturate anesthesia is first induced. It is difficult to gauge the depth of anesthesia and analgesia with CS. In our clinical experience with swine and calves, CH given i.p. leads to adynamic ileus. We have found that CS given i.p. causes an inflammatory response in guinea pigs, rats, and calves. We observed that CS analgesia varies with the type of surgical procedure performed. Based on a literature review and our clinical experience, we suggest that CH or CS anesthesia should be preceded by administration of barbiturates, opioids, alpha-2 agonists, or phenothiazine tranquilizers. Chloral hydrate should only be used as a sedative or hypnotic for dogs; CS should not be used as a sole anesthetic agent. Neither drug should be used i.p. for survival surgery.
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PMID:A review of laboratory animal anesthesia with chloral hydrate and chloralose. 835 79

Some regions in the mesencephalon, such as dorsal periaqueductal gray, inferior colliculus and deep layers of superior colliculus have been grouped together as a continuous strip of midbrain structures involved in the integration of the different components of aversive states in the brain. In fact, escape behavior and defensive, or fear-like behavior often result when these sites are electrically or chemically stimulated. Moreover, the behavioral responses induced by stimulation of these structures are, in general, accompanied by increases in mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and respiration, and by analgesia. Both the behavioral and autonomic consequences of electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic tectum was shown to be attenuated by minor tranquilizers, probably through enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission. Besides GABAergic interneurons which exert a tonic inhibitory control on neural circuits responsible for the behavioral correlates of the aversion in the above-mentioned structures, several other mechanisms such as opioid, neuropeptides, serotonergic and excitatory amino acids have also been implicated in the regulation of these processes. As to the analgesia that accompanies these aversive states it is mediated by non-opioid mechanisms, particularly by serotonergic ones through 5-HT2 receptors. Now, efforts have been made to characterize the mode of action of these neurotransmitters on their multiple receptors and how they interact with each other to produce or regulate the neural substrates of aversion in the midbrain.
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PMID:Neurochemical mechanisms of the defensive behavior in the dorsal midbrain. 1054 Oct 61


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