Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Portions of the brain stem seem normally to inhibit pain. In man and laboratory animals these brain areas and pathways from them to spinal sensory circuits can be activated by focal stimulation. Endogenous opioids appear to be implicated although separate nonopioid mechanisms are also evident. Stress seems to be a natural stimulus triggering pain suppression. Properties of electric footshock have been shown to determine the opioid or nonopioid basis of stress-induced analgesia. Two different opioid systems can be activated by different footshock paradigms. This dissection of stress analgesia has begun to integrate divergent findings concerning pain inhibition and also to account for some of the variance that has obscured the reliable measurement of the effects of stress on tumor growth and immune function.
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PMID:Intrinsic mechanisms of pain inhibition: activation by stress. 650 91

Exposure to stress has been associated with alterations in both immune function and tumor development in man and laboratory animals. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a particular type of inescapable footshock stress, known to cause an opioid mediated form of analgesia, on survival time of female Fischer 344 rats injected with a mammary ascites tumor. Rats subjected to inescapable footshock manifested an enhanced tumor growth indicated by a decreased survival time and decreased percent survival. This tumor enhancing effect of stress was prevented by the opiate antagonist, naltrexone, suggesting a role for endogenous opioid peptides in this process. In the absence of stress, naltrexone did not affect tumor growth.
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PMID:Apparent involvement of opioid peptides in stress-induced enhancement of tumor growth. 668 24

Pain relief for the cancer patient in the hospice setting is almost always achievable. Cancer pain is caused by tumor growth and by psychosocial and spiritual factors. Opioid drugs are the mainstay of effective treatment. Morphine is the opioid drug of choice. Although tolerance to opioids occurs, tumor growth is the usual reason for escalating opioid dose. Addiction almost never occurs in the cancer patient with pain. These patients don't exhibit drug-seeking behavior or experience the psychic high seen in drug addicts. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and adjuvant analgesics are synergistic with opioids in providing analgesia and allow lower opioid doses and fewer side effects. Ten to 15 percent of hospice patients will require regional anesthesia for pain relief. The hospice team of physicians, nurses, social workers, chaplains, aides, and volunteers is more effective than any single health care provider in achieving optimal pain relief and comfort.
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PMID:Cancer pain management in the hospice setting. 753 76

Management of pain is a great problem in patients with cancer. Morphine is a principal axis in drug therapy of pain, especially at the end stage of cancer. We developed an animal model of cancer pain and examined the effects of morphine on cancer pain and tumor growth and metastasis. Orthotopic inoculation of B16-BL6 melanoma cells into the hind paw of B16BL/6 mice produced hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain-like behavior; moderate hyperalgesia was apparent on day 7-10 post-inoculation(early phase), and the hyperalgesia became severe from day 14 post-inoculation(late phase). Morphine inhibited hyperalgesia on the both phases, but higher doses were needed on the late phase. When morphine at analgesic doses was administered daily from day 16 post-inoculation, tolerance was developed for analgesia after the sixth administration. Such morphine administration of morphine suppressed tumor growth and metastasis. Sciatic neurectomy, which was performed to block the pain signaling from the tumoral tissue, also suppressed tumor growth and metastasis. Management of cancer pain may be important not only to quality of life but also to cancer treatment itself.
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PMID:[Effects of morphine on cancer pain and tumor growth and metastasis]. 1155 34

Marijuana contains over 60 different types of cannabinoids, which are its medicinally active ingredients. Cannabinoids have the capacity for neuromodulation--through direct, receptor-based mechanisms--at many levels within the nervous system, providing therapeutic properties that may be applicable to the treatment of neurologic disorders. These include antioxidation, neuroprotection, analgesia, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, modulation of glial cells, and tumor growth regulation. This article reviews the current and emerging research on the physiologic mechanisms of endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids and their applications in the management of neurologic disease.
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PMID:Medical marijuana: emerging applications for the management of neurologic disorders. 1545 61

The primary aim of the study was to correlate pain development during bone cancer growth with objectively obtained tumor-induced changes in bone morphology. Additionally morphine sensitivity of this bone pain was evaluated. Mice were injected into the femur with osteolytic NCTC2472 cells, and behaviorally followed during a 3-week period. During the observation period increasing pain behavior was observed in tumor-bearing animals. Tumor mice exhibited spontaneous and movement-evoked lifting, the latter evoked through non-noxious palpation of the tumor. Limb use during forced ambulation on a rotarod decreased to substantial non-use of the affected limb by day 23. On day 23, micro-computer tomography scans of the tumor-bearing bones were evaluated for bone destruction. Different bone parameters indicative of osteolysis or fragmentation were significantly correlated with pain behavior. In a separate group of mice the effects of different morphine doses on pain behavior were evaluated on days 17 and 21 of tumor growth. Spontaneous lifting and movement-evoked lifting were sensitive to morphine treatment, although stress-induced analgesia due to repeated restraint might minimize movement-evoked lifting in mice. Limb use during forced ambulation was only slightly ameliorated by high morphine doses.
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PMID:Bone cancer pain model in mice: evaluation of pain behavior, bone destruction and morphine sensitivity. 1550 Dec 99

The most used treatment for bone cancer pain is radiation; however, the mechanism responsible for analgesia after irradiation is unknown. The mechanistic influence of a single, localized 10-, 20- or 30-Gy dose of radiation on painful behaviors, osteolysis, histopathology and osteoclast number was evaluated in mice with painful femoral sarcomas. Dramatic reductions in pain behaviors (P < 0.05) and osteolysis (P < 0.0001) were seen in mice irradiated with 20 and 30 Gy. Irradiation reduced the tumor area by more than 75% (P < 0.05) but did not affect osteoclast frequency per mm2 tumor. Treatment with 20 Gy prior to tumor injection had no effect on tumor growth or pain behaviors, suggesting that radiation reduces osteolysis and pain through direct tumor effects. To demonstrate that tumor elimination was responsible for reduction in osteolysis and pain, sarcoma cells containing the suicide gene cytosine deaminase (CD) were inoculated into femora. After onset of bone cancer pain, mice were treated with the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). 5-FC treatment significantly reduced both osteolysis (P < 0.0005) and bone cancer pain (P < 0.05). The findings in this study demonstrate that one mechanism through which radiation decreases bone cancer pain is by direct effects on tumor cells.
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PMID:Radiation treatment decreases bone cancer pain through direct effect on tumor cells. 1618 42

Body art has gained tremendously in popularity over the past 20 years, and a substantial number of pregnant women may have tattoos or piercings. In most cases, pregnancy will be uneventful. However, on rare occasions, body art may become an issue or cause complications. Navel and abdominal surface piercing and microdermal implants may cause unsightly stretch marks from gravid distension. Nipple piercing could impair breastfeeding. In emergency situations, oral piercing may interfere with airway management and nasal jewelry can be inhaled or swallowed during orotracheal intubation. Tattoos may become distorted if placed on a distended area or they may cover surgical incision lines. The risk of introducing tattoo pigments during epidural analgesia, with the potential for tumor growth, is currently under debate, although the arguments are highly speculative and without solid basis.
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PMID:Body art and pregnancy. 2055 95

The possibility that anesthetic drugs can influence cancer recurrence rate is a subject of recent interest. Based on early in vitro data demonstrating opiates on breast cancer xenografts and two recent epidemiologic studies suggesting differences in recurrence rates in both breast and prostate cancer contingents dependent on whether patients received a combined regional-general anesthetic or a general anesthetic with opioid analgesia, there has been recent interest in the role of the micro-opioid receptor (MOR) in angiogenesis and oncogenic signaling. We recently demonstrated that morphine causes reciprocal transactivation of the MOR and VEGF receptors and that MOR-knockout mice do not develop significant tumors when injected with lung cancer cells as do their wild-type controls. Furthermore, infusion of the peripheral MOR antagonist methylnaltrexone markedly attenuates tumor growth in experimental mouse models. These experimental data support the hypothesis that opioids affect tumor progression and suggest the MOR as a potential target for chemotherapeutic drugs.
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PMID:Effect of perioperative opioids on cancer recurrence: a hypothesis. 2079 70

The postoperative period is accompanied with neuroendocrine, metabolic and immune alteration which is caused by tissue damage, anesthesia, postoperative pain and psychological stress. Postoperative pain contributes to dysfunction of immune response as a result of interaction between central nervous and immune system. The postoperatively activated hypotalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, sympathic and parasympathic nerve systems are important modulators of immune response. According to bidirectional communication of immune and nervous system, appropriate postoperative pain management could affect immune response in postoperative period. Although the postoperative suppression of immune response has been reported, a very little are known about the influences of different pain management techniques on cytotoxic function of immune cells in patients with colorectal cancer in early postoperative period. Perforin is a cytotoxic molecule expressed by activated lymphocytes which has a crucial role in elimination of tumor cells and virus-infected cells, mostly during the effector's phase of immune response. Immune compromise during the postoperative period could affect the healing processes, incidence of postoperative infections and rate and size of tumor metastases disseminated during operation. The pharmacological management of postoperative pain in patients with malignancies uses very different analgesic techniques whose possible influence on cytotoxic functions of immune cells are still understood poor. For decades the most common way of treating postoperative pain after colorectal cancer surgery was intravenous analgesia with opiods. In the last decade many investigations pointed out that opiods can also contribute to postoperative suppression of immune response. Epidural analgesia is a regional anesthesia technique that acts directly on the origin of pain impulses and pain relief can be achieved with small doses of opiods combined with local anesthetics. Local anesthetics potentate analgesic properties of opiods but per se are also acting as antiinflammatory drugs. Afferent neural blockade by epidural analgesia attenuates neuroendocrine stress response. We propose that epidural analgesia could be more convenient that intravenous analgesia in maintenance of immunological homeostasis that is altered by surgical stress, tumor growth and pain.
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PMID:The proposed mechanism of action during different pain management techniques on expression of cytolytic molecule perforin in patients after colorectal cancer surgery. 2119 59


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