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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Testosterone has been implicated in many behaviors related to sexual and reproductive function, but its role in fear responses is unclear. Studies in both humans and animals have linked altered testosterone concentrations to externalizing behaviors like aggression and violence, but less to more internalizing behaviors like fear. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the effects of testosterone on innate fear response in male rats. TMT (2,5-dihydo-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline), a chemical extracted from fox feces, was used to elicit a fear response in the male rats with normal and diminished levels of testosterone. Behavioral indices such as in freezing response, and fear-induced analgesia were monitored in response to TMT. The results demonstrate that deficits in testosterone resulted in a significant increase in the freezing time and fear-induced analgesia. These studies suggest that testosterone decline may have a significant effect on increasing innate fear response and fear-induced enhancement of analgesia in male rats.
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PMID:Deficits in testosterone facilitate enhanced fear response. 1569 13

Ketamine is a dissociative anaesthetic that is being used in non-medical contexts. The effects of ketamine are very similar to those of phencyclidine, another dissociative anaesthetic that has enjoyed considerable popularity as a recreational drug. The effects of ketamine include analgesia, cardiovascular and respiratory stimulation, dissociation, hallucinations and anaesthesia. The potential dangers of uncontrolled ketamine use include psychosis and violence, accidents and marked psychomotor and cognitive impairment. Although studies have shown potential for tolerance to and physical dependence on ketamine, further investigation of these phenomena is needed. Ketamine is thought to produce most of its effects through antagonist activity at the PCP site of the NMDA receptor complex. Ketamine has sympathomimetic properties resulting from enhancement of catecholamine, and particularly dopamine, activity. While opioid receptor activity has been identified, this is relatively weak and the contribution to the effects of ketamine is not clear. Although much is known of the clinical uses and effects of ketamine, as yet little is understood of ketamine as a recreational drug and potential drug of dependence.
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PMID:Pharmacological properties of ketamine. 1620 65

Past research has shown that 37% to 52% of sexual assault survivors report experiencing a set of peritraumatic responses, which include gross motor inhibition, analgesia, and fixed or unfocused staring. This response set closely resembles a set of unconditioned responses, collectively known as Tonic Immobility (TI). This study examined TI among childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors and its relation to PTSD symptomatology. Participants were 131 female college undergraduates who completed questionnaires assessing sexual abuse history, TI, and PTSD symptom severity. Results showed that TI partially mediated the relation between peritraumatic fear and overall PTSD symptom severity and completely mediated the relation between fear and the PTSD reexperiencing symptoms. Although peritraumatic fear is associated with TI, the mediation findings provide evidence for the notion that these responses are separate from one another. These results suggest that TI during CSA may play an important role in the subsequent PTSD symptomatology in adulthood.
J Interpers Violence 2010 Feb
PMID:Tonic immobility in childhood sexual abuse survivors and its relationship to posttraumatic stress symptomatology. 1953 33

Ernest Hemingway is one of the most popular and widely acclaimed American writers of the 20th century. His works and life epitomize the image of the hyper-masculine hero, facing the cruelties of life with 'grace under pressure'. Most of his writings have a quasi-autobiographical quality, which allowed many commentators to draw comparisons between his personality and his art. Here, we examine the psychological and physical burdens that hindered Hemingway's life and contributed to his suicide. We first take a look at his early years, and review his psychopathology as an adult. A number of authors have postulated specific diagnoses to explain Hemingway's behavior: borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, multiple head trauma, and alcoholism. The presence of hemochromatosis, an inherited metabolic disorder, has also been suggested. We describe the circumstances of his suicide at 61 as the outcome of accumulated physical deterioration, emotional distress and cognitive decline. Special attention is paid to the war wound he suffered in 1918, which seemed to involve a peculiar altered state of consciousness sometimes called 'near-death experience'. The out-of-body experience, paradoxical analgesia and conviction that dying is 'the easiest thing' seemed to infl uence his future work. The constant presence of danger, death, and violence in his works, as well as the emphasis on the typical Hemingway 'code hero', can all be traced to particular psychological and neurological disorders, as well as his early brush with death.
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PMID:'A man can be destroyed but not defeated': Ernest Hemingway's near-death experience and declining health. 2037 31