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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of electrostimulation of the mesencephalic grey matter and of the dorsal nucleus raphe on physiological pain produced by nociceptive stimulation (compression of the tail or the skin on the limb by a clamp) and on pathological pain (the pain syndrome of spinal origin) were studied in experiments on albino rats. Pathological pain was induced by creating a generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord by local disturbance of the inhibitory mechanisms with the aid of tetanus toxin. It was shown that electrostimulation of the indicated areas abolished both physiological and pathological pain. A conclusion was drawn that analgesia produced by electrostimulation of certain structure of the brain was connected not only with augmentation of the descending inhibition in the spinal cord as in the case of physiological pain caused by peripheral nociceptive stimulation (as shown by several authors), but also with the block of excitation at the supraspinal level. This mechanism should play a decisive role in analgesia realization in the pain syndrome of central origin, both under experimental and natural conditions.
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PMID:[Analgesia following electrostimulation of midbrain nuclei of rats with a pain syndrome of spinal origin]. 30 29

In experiments on white rats the generator of excitation was created in the dorsal raphe nucleus by microinjection of tetanus toxin. After formation of the excitation generator electrical activity in this nucleus was changed as the following: the first negative component (N1) was strongly increased, general EP configuration changed and the spontaneous paroxysmal activity became more frequent. The time of the generator formation correlated with the appearance of intense and prolonged analgesia. Naloxone did not reverse the effects of analgesia described.
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PMID:[Analysis of analgesia induced by the generator of excitation in the dorsal raphe nucleus]. 51 16

Experiments were conducted on albino rats. An excitation generator in the dorsal nucleus of the midbrain raphe was created by means of tetanus toxin. Formation of the excitation generator in this nucleus led to the development of general analgesia, expressed against physiological pain (nociceptive stimulation) and the central pathological pain (pain syndrome of spinal origin). A conclusion was drawn that prolonged analgesia occurring in activation of certain structures of the brain was caused by the origination in them of excitation generators causing prolonged activation of these structures.
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PMID:[Analgesia induced by creation of a generator of excitation in the midbrain]. 63 83

Swaziland is a kingdom with 800,000 inhabitants bordering on Mozambique and South Africa with about 50% of the population under 15 years of age. The experience of a nurse in a small clinic in the course of several years is recounted. Swaziland ranks 3rd in the world in alcohol abuse which often leads to wounds requiring suturing. Penicillin is given prophylactically with a paracetamol preparation for analgesia. As a rule, every injured person will get a .5 ml tetanus injection for prophylaxis. The most serious conditions of polyclinic patients are hepatitis, bilharzia, diarrhea, pellagra, pneumonia, and malnutrition. A great number of patients have sexually transmitted diseases, and the rate of AIDS infection is not known. According to 1 study 60-80% of the population in reproductive age will die of AIDS in the course of a 5-year period. The majority of people are impervious to counseling about their sexual behavior in spite of educational programs on the radio, in schools, and in work places. Condoms are not popular, since they are not considered manly. Pregnant women receive iron and multivitamin tablets in the course of pregnancy. Many pregnant women are anemic, and 70% give birth at home, the rest in a hospital or clinic. During delivery they get no analgesia, and there are few complications. The average weight of the newborn is 3.5 kg, although none of the women are under 150 cm. A little after birth all children are vaccinated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and polio, later with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and measles.
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PMID:[Nursing under a different sky. Swaziland]. 146 29

Injuries resulting from the use of high pressure injectors and spray guns are relatively rare; however, the potential tissue damage caused by the injury as well as the extent of the injury itself may go unrecognized by the primary physician. The purpose of this paper is to inform the emergency physician of the nature and standard management of this type of injury. A basic understanding of the pathophysiology of the high pressure injection injury (HPII) is essential in avoiding the mistakes in management that have been reported in the literature. The emergency management of the HPII includes: evaluation and immobilization, tetanus and antimicrobial prophylaxis, supportive and resuscitative measures, analgesia, and minimizing the time to definitive surgical treatment.
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PMID:High pressure injection injuries: an overview. 194 Feb 41

Two cases of tetanus are presented, and the diagnosis, clinical features, and management of tetanus are reviewed. The first patient, an 86-year-old woman, had marked muscle rigidity but was able to breathe spontaneously. A dark eschar with purulent drainage was noted on her left foot, but Clostridium tetani was not isolated. She was placed in a semidark room and was treated with penicillin G; tetanus immune globulin (TIG) 5000 units i.m.; tetanus toxoid 0.5 mL i.m.; diazepam, chlorpromazine, and morphine for sedation, muscle relaxation, and analgesia; ranitidine for stress ulcer prophylaxis; heparin for prevention of deep-vein thrombosis; and peripheral-vein nutrition. Her condition improved gradually, and she was discharged to a rehabilitation institute after 32 days. The second patient, a 46-year-old woman, experienced progressive descending paralysis and required ventilatory support. She had a periodontal abscess, but cultures of the drainage were negative. She was placed in a semidark room and treated with erythromycin, TIG, tetanus toxoid, diazepam, pancuronium bromide, morphine, ranitidine, and heparin. Autonomic instability occurred during the second and third weeks, but cardiac output was maintained without treatment. The patient was extubated after five weeks, and was transferred out of the intensive-care in the following week. The diagnosis of tetanus is based primarily on characteristic findings of muscle rigidity and reflex spasms; cultures for C. tetani are of limited value. A history of trauma or injury is common. Pulmonary infections and cardiovascular instability are the most common complications. Therapy consists of ventilatory support; control of neuromuscular symptoms with benzodiazepines, narcotics, and neuromuscular blockers; antibiotic therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Management of tetanus. 331 65

The effect of cutaneous analgesia on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions as challenged by injections in the skin was assessed by comparing a lidocaine/prilocaine mixture with placebo. Application of 5 g of the mixture 90 min before testing significantly (p less than 0.001) reduced pain but did not influence the DH-reactions as read after 48 hours. Based on these findings, DTH to several antigens were measured in 116 school children, aged 7-15 years. All the children were positive to either tetanus antigen, 7.5 Lf/ml (98% at 48 hours) or mumps test antigen (82%), while positivity to tuberculin 2 TU/ml and candida 1000 PNU/ml were only 11 and 62% respectively. Therefore, DTH tests in an adequately immunized population of children can be limited to two antigens. Application of cutaneous analgesia is recommended as a routine procedure in DTH testing in young children.
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PMID:Delayed hypersensitivity responses in children after local cutaneous anesthesia. 332 92

Giving a definition of analgesia in ICU needs to answer several questions: Why sedation? Which drugs can we use? How can we deal with sedation? (monitoring, continuous administration, weaning...)? Two different types of sedation must be considered: treatment-sedation (status epilepticus, tetanus, intracranial hypertension...) and comfort-sedation in anxious and/or restless and/or painful patients and in those necessitating mechanical ventilation. Analgesic consumptions vary widely with diseases and their outcome, background diseases and ICU environment. Several studies have shown that pain and analgesia are frequently neglected in ICU. The authors review the different drugs in use, with their advantages and drawbacks. A particular place is reserved to regional techniques, often underused in ICU. Indications are then fully discussed, according to several specific pathological conditions. Monitoring and weaning of sedation are also discussed at the end of the review.
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PMID:[Role of analgesia for sedation in intensive care medicine]. 776 33

For monitoring of vecuronium profound neuromuscular blockade post-tetanic count (PTC) following tetanic stimulation at frequency of 50 and 100 Hz was employed in 25 ASA I-II patients submitted to elective surgery, to evaluate the differences between the two patterns of stimulation and the possible clinical utility of the latter pattern of stimulation. The drugs employed for anaesthesia were: diazepam 0.15 mg kg-1 in premedication, thiopental 4-5 mg kg-1 for induction, suxamethonium 1.5 mg kg-1 for tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia was maintained with N2 + O2 (2:1). Analgesia was obtained with fentanyl at usual doses, and muscular relaxation with vecuronium. The ulnar nerve was stimulated at the wrist with Digistim III Plus and the responses evaluated by tactile method. The pattern of stimulation used was a cyclic one, as described by Howardy Hansen et al. The first dose of vecuronium (0.06 mg kg-1) was administered at recovery from suxamethonium (clinically evaluated) and the other doses (0.06 mg kg-1) when the third response to a train of four appeared. The results show that the PTC following 100 Hz tetanus was greater than the PTC following 50 Hz tetanic stimulation (P < 0.01). The results also show that PTC following 100 Hz tetanus leads to underestimate neuromuscular blockade; yet maybe it has any clinical employment in selected surgical situations such as middle ear and eye surgery, microvascular surgery, neurosurgery.
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PMID:[Post-tetanic count after 50 and 100 Hz tetanic stimulation for monitoring deep neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium]. 791 62

Mammalian bites account for 1% of all emergency department visits and dogs are common perpetrators. School-aged children are the most vulnerable and experience the majority of this type of trauma. Most of the cases involve a known dog and many of the attacks involve the family pet. When a child presents with a severe dog bite, the injury should be managed using appropriate assessment and intervention techniques. In some cases, conscious sedation can be used to provide amnesia, analgesia and sedation during the surgical repair. Proper preparation of the wound prior to repair will decrease infection rates. The need for tetanus and rabies prophylaxis must be evaluated in all dog bites. Facial injuries may require complex repair and reconstruction with appropriate surgical referral. Thorough discharge instructions are an important aspect of the nursing role.
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PMID:Managing serious dog bite injuries in children. 908 72


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