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Query: UMLS:C0344307 (analgesia)
 28,200 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neuroleptanalgesia describes a state of sedated analgesia produced by the administration of the tranquilizer, droperidol, and the potent narcotic, fentanyl, in combination. This combination of drugs was administered intravenously to effect neuroleptanalgesia in the early treatment of eight patients with acute anterior transmural myocardial infarction. Criteria for inclusion in the study were (1) persistent ischemic pain, (2) ST segment elevation of 0.3 or more mV in at least two standard precordial leads, (3) a heart rate of 80 or more beats per minute, (4) a mean arterial pressure of 75 or more mm Hg, and (5) a cardiac index of 2.0 L/min/m(2). Within 30 minutes of the administration of the drugs, all patients were relieved of pain and emotional stress. The sum of ST segment elevation from leads V(1) through V(6) (sigmaST(6)) and the average ST elevation over the precordium (ST) decreased significantly by 57% and 56%, respectively. At the same time, there was a significant reduction in heart rate (from 112 +/- 17 to 86 +/- 8 beats per minute), mean arterial pressure (from 100 +/- 7 to 82 +/- 4 mm Hg), and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (from 17 +/- 7 to 12 +/- 2 mm Hg). The cardiac index increased from 2.25 +/- 0.22 to 2.40 +/- 0.07 L/min/m(2). Two hours later the hemodynamic parameters had returned to control levels, but the beneficial effect on myocardial injury persisted. Thus neuroleptanalgesia in the early hours of myocardial infarction can reduce preload, afterload, oxygen demand, and eventually the infarct size without depressing myocardial function.
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PMID:Neuroleptanalgesia in acute myocardial infarction. 1522 74

A primigravida with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, New York Heart Association Classification III, developed acute chest pain with significant ST segment depression together with a new Q-wave in chest lead V6 on the electrocardiograph following delivery under lumbar epidural analgesia. An intrapartum myocardial infarct was suspected because serial creatine phosphokinase and its muscle-brain isoenzyme levels were elevated in the postpartum period. However, the ST segment and the Q-wave changes returned to baseline within 4 h, thus eliminating the possibility of acute myocardial infarction. The uterus and placenta release creatine phosphokinase and its muscle-brain isoenzyme substantially during normal vaginal delivery, thus mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Consequently, the elevations of creatine phosphokinase and its muscle-brain fraction alone are not diagnostic of myocardial infarction in the postpartum period. The diagnosis of myocardial infarction must be based on the clinical picture, serial electrocardiogram recording and determination of lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate amino transferase.
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PMID:Post partum creatine phosphokinase and its muscle-brain isoenzyme elevation and transient Q-wave in a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. 1532 Nov 57

Non-activated and activated prothrombin complex concentrates have been used successfully to treat bleeds in haemophilia patients with inhibitors, but most physicians do not consider these products as effective as factor VIII/IX concentrates in non-inhibitor patients. Thus, surgical procedures in inhibitor patients have been performed reluctantly. We have performed 15 minor and six major surgical and invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in eight inhibitor patients with congenital haemophilia A and in two patients with acquired haemophilia. Administration of a loading dose of 100 U kg(-1) of FEIBA followed by 200 U kg (-1) day(-1) in three doses every 8 h for 3 days and then tapering the daily dose to 150-100 U kg(-1), resulted in no severe or unexpected bleeding complications. One adverse event was observed. A 69-year-old man suffered a myocardial infarction the third postoperative day following sigmoidectomy. He was managed safely with opiate analgesia, nitrates and diuretics and the continued use of FEIBA.
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PMID:Activated prothrombin complex concentrate (FEIBA) treatment during surgery in patients with inhibitors to FVIII/IX: the updated Norwegian experience. 1538 45

Type and frequency of early postoperative complications were analyzed in a group of 226 patients (190 men and 36 women) at the age of 45 to 83 (mean age 65.3 +/- 8.2) who were operated as planned due to aneurysm of abdominal part of aorta. Patients were divided into two groups (I and II) depending on method of analgesia. Group I which constituted 173 patients operated at associated general and extrameningeal analgesia and group II constituted 53 patients operated at general analgesia. The division into groups was unintentional and was due to the fact that general analgesia was carried out in patients with contraindication of extrameningeal catheter use or technical troubles with its appliance. Patients of both groups were divided into groups (A and B) depending on type of complication or cause of death (A--cardiogenic, B--extracardiac). The followed up group is characterized by increased incidence in men than in women (5:1), the age of both sexes is not significantly different respectively men and women 65.5 and 65.2 years. In most cases, patients suffered from arterial hypertension (20.4%), ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction (21.2%) and chronic obstructive lung disease (12%). Early postoperative complications without lethal outcome occurred in 76 patients (33.6%), in 7.5% they included cardiogenic complications, while in 26% extracardiac complications, among which acute ischaemia of lower extremities (8.8%) and postoperative pulmonary complications (5.7%) were the most dominating. The observed group is characterized by relatively high postoperative mortality (9.3%). 4% of patients died due to cardiogenic reasons, while 5.3% of patients died due to extracardiac reasons. The most common cause of death in the last group was infection and embolism of mesentery (3.6%). Strong relation between preoperative loading, operation time, time of aorta occlusion, type of grafted prosthesis and frequency as well as type of postoperative complications was confirmed. The relationship was not confirmed with respect to the type of analgesia.
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PMID:[Early postoperative complications in patients with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta treated with vascular prosthesis]. 1555 3

Escalating costs and change in the profile of patients presenting for cardiac surgery requires modification of perioperative management strategies. Regional anesthesia has played an integral part of many fast-track anesthesia protocols across North America and Europe. This review suggests that for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, the risk-to-benefit ratio is in favor of epidural and spinal anesthesia, provided there are no specific contraindications and the guidelines for the use of regional techniques in cardiac surgery are followed. Patients managed with regional techniques seem to benefit from superior postoperative analgesia, shorter postoperative ventilation, reduced incidence of supraventricular arrhythmia, and lower rates of perioperative myocardial infarction. The results of this analysis suggest that for each episode of neurologic complication, 20 myocardial infarctions and 76 episodes of atrial fibrillation would be prevented, thus, we would consider the regional anesthesia and analgesia to be an effective strategy that improves perioperative morbidity. However, other treatment modalities such as the addition of calcium channel blockers, aspirin, and beating heart surgery, are also suggested to be beneficial in cardiac surgical patients and may impose less risk than the use of regional techniques. We believe that the results presented in this review are encouraging enough to permit continued investigation. A prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter trial needs to be adequately powered to answer important clinical questions and allow for a long-term follow-up.
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PMID:Regional anesthesia in cardiac surgery: a friend or a foe? 1573 47

Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) provides optimal perioperative anaesthesia and analgesia after thoracic and major abdominal surgery and decreases postoperative morbidity and mortality, mainly by blocking sympathetic nerve fibres. Surgery leads to a stress response characterized by sympathetic arousal, altered balance of catabolic and anabolic hormones, hypermetabolism, negative protein economy, and altered carbohydrate metabolism and immune function. A threefold increase of the plasma level of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) was detected up to 24 hours after surgery. These elevated catecholamine plasma levels are a risk, especially to patients with coronary artery disease, because unlike healthy coronary arteries, the stress response causes a vasoconstriction in arteriosclerotic coronary arteries. TEA results in a vasodilation in stenotic coronary arteries. In patients with instable angina pectoris, TEA reduced the number as well as the duration of episodes of cardiac ischaemia. Furthermore, TEA improves myocardial structure and function after coronary artery bypass grafting. Plasma levels of troponin T and I, as well as of atrial natriuretic peptides, were reduced and echocardiographic parameters of the ventricular wall motion were improved by TEA. Patients showed fewer arrhythmic episodes and postoperative myocardial infarction, and could be extubated earlier. The positive effects of TEA after coronary artery bypass grafting are not limited to a short postoperative period, the 2-year mortality rate also seems to be reduced. Optimized pain control and early mobilization decrease the riskof pulmonary complications, resulting in a shortened stay in intensive care units. In combination with early enteral nutrition, TEA leads to an earlier return of gastrointestinal function. Patients treated with thoracic epidural anaesthesia and analgesia have a better health-related quality of life.
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PMID:Update in thoracic epidural anaesthesia. 1596 93

This review summarizes and critically appraises important and clinically relevant publications dealing with postoperative pain therapy. Several consequences can be drawn from these studies: i) women anticipate postoperative pain more realistically and it occurs more often than in man; however, pain intensity and analgesic consumption are not different; ii) placebos elicit psychological phenomena (e. g. expectation) that trigger neurobiological processes (e. g. activation of endogenous opioid system); iii) COX-2 inhibitors increase the risk for thromboembolic complications (e. g. myocardial infarction, apoplex, pulmonary embolism) and perioperative mortality in patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery; iv) NSAID as supplement to postoperative PCIA with opioids reduce the risk for PONV and sedation; v) preoperative administration of gabapentin reduces preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain; vi) epidural catheters situated at the site of major spinal surgery are promising approach to provide efficient postoperative analgesia; vii) in the literature contradictory results have been reported regarding the effect of perioperative acupuncture on intra- and postoperative consumption of anesthetics or analgesics; acupuncture appears to decrease the incidence of PONV, but no reduction in the postoperative use of antiemetic agents has not been shown yet; viii) laparoscopic versus open colectomy in patients with colon carcinoma results in prolongation of surgery, reduction of postoperative pain and analgesics, earlier mobilization and a reduced hospital stay, if conventional systemic opioid-based pain therapy was used postoperatively.
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PMID:[New aspects in postoperative pain therapy]. 1655 49

Surgical interventions in patients with hemophilia and inhibitors have often been postponed as long as possible due to difficulties in maintaining intra- and postoperative hemostatic control. Nonactivated and activated prothrombin complex concentrates have been successful in controlling acute bleeding in patients with inhibitors and have been useful in the surgical setting. At the Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet University Hospital in Oslo, Norway, 17 minor and seven major surgical procedures were performed in nine patients with congenital hemophilia A and two patients with acquired hemophilia. Patients are generally treated according to the following dosing regimen, with changes made on a case-by-case basis: a preoperative loading dose of 100 U/kg of Factor Eight Inhibitor Bypassing Activity, Anti-Inhibitor Coagulant Complex, Vapor Heated (FEIBA; Baxter AG, Vienna, Austria), followed by 200 U/kg per day for 3 days. The dose is then tapered to 150 U/kg per day and subsequently to 100 U/kg per day. Hemostatic control was attained in all cases and only 1 major adverse event was observed. A 69-year-old patient experienced a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction 3 days after undergoing a sigmoidectomy. He continued on FEIBA therapy and was stabilized with nitrates, opioid analgesia, and diuretics without clinical signs of heart failure.
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PMID:Surgery in patients with hemophilia and inhibitors: a review of the Norwegian experience with FEIBA. 1669 Mar 72

Pneumomediastinum can easily be mistaken for a pulmonary embolus or myocardial infarction. We describe herein a case of pneumomediastinum postpartum. A primigravida complained five-hours postpartum of acute chest pain and mild dyspnea. The initial (working) diagnosis was pulmonary embolus and the patient was treated with antithrombotic therapy. A CT scan revealed the real cause of the chest pain: pneumomediastinum. The patient was given adequate analgesia and two days later was able to leave the hospital in good clinical condition. We suggest that in the case of acute chest pain during or shortly following labor, pneumomediastinum should be considered.
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PMID:Pneumomediastinum as a cause of acute chest pain postpartum. 1685 99

With the introduction of biomarkers like troponin I (cTnI), our ability to identify and quantify myocardial infarction in the postoperative period has been greatly enhanced. Even small elevations of cTnI should be considered as a myocardial infarction. Small increases in cTnI postoperatively have indeed been found to be associated with worse short and long-term outcomes, the higher the cTnI level the worse the outcome. Studies undertaken in the 1980s when postoperative myocardial infarction (PMI) was detected by means of electrocardiogram recordings every 12 hours following operation suggested that this complication occurred on the second or third postoperative day. More recent studies where postoperative myocardial necrosis has been detected by repeated troponin dosages have revealed that, in fact, postoperative myocardial infarction appears much earlier between 12 and 32 hour after the end of surgery. Two types of PMI were identified based on intense troponin surveillance. They stem from two different major pathophysiological mechanisms. One seems to be related to plaque-vulnerability, while the other may be due to the effects of prolonged ischemia. The postoperative period should be regarded as a vulnerable period' that acts synergistically with both plaque and patient vulnerabilities in the development of PMI. Monitoring troponin levels in the postoperative period following surgery enables the identification of patients with myocardial damage and the institution of early aggressive intervention (e.g., intensive beta blockers therapy, adequate analgesia, correction of anemia) in order to prevent the evolution of PMI during this golden period' that lasts about two days. In patients that are prone to develop PMI, and especially in those who are prone to develop PMI related to plaque rupture, prevention can be achieved by better preoperative identification of the vulnerable plaque, and by a better plaque stabilization, either metabolically (e.g., statins) or by actual coronary stenting. Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying PMI, as well as their early identification, may contribute to the reduction of the incidence of PMI and its associated morality in the future.
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PMID:Postoperative myocardial infarction: pathophysiology, new diagnostic criteria, prevention. 1723 64


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