Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0344232 (blurred vision)
 2,072 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The influence of aerosolized atropine sulfate on airway tone was evaluated in nine healthy adult subjects using three modes of inhalation and a dosimeter to deliver equal doses of aerosol. For six of the subjects additional studies with radioaerosols and scintillation scans were accomplished to qualify lung distributions of deposited aerosol. The three breathing patterns, identified as Tidal, IC, and VC, had average inspiratory volumes of 0.66 +/- 0.1, 2.10 +/- 0.4, and 4.31 +/- 0.9 (SD) L and were initiated from the rest position of the lung for the first two patterns, and residual volume for the third pattern. Total nebulization time and concentration inhaled were identical for each pattern at an atropine dose of 0.025 mg/kg body weight. Average inspiratory flow rates had means of 0.40 +/- 0.1, 0.64 +/- 0.2, and 0.82 +/- 0.2 (SD) L/s for the respective inhalations. Functional indices of FEV1, MMF, and Vmax50 and anticholinergic side effects were assessed for a 4-h period after aerosol administration. Functional improvement and duration of effect were maximal with the IC pattern. Within the first hour, absolute increases in FEV1 averaged 240 ml above baseline (6.2% increase). Increases for MMF and Vmax50 were on average greater than 23% above baseline (airflow benefit exceeded baseline by 0.91 +/- 0.4 L/s for MMF and 1.14 +/- 0.4 L/s for Vmax50). Except for xerostomia, which was present after all patterns, systemic side effects (tachycardia, blurred vision, and urinary retention) occurred only with VC pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Aerosolized atropine sulfate: influence of inhalation pattern on effective blockade of vagal airway tone. 173 86

The major side effects of racemic oxybutynin (OXY), which is used in the treatment of urinary incontinence are dry mouth (xerostomia) and blurred vision (mydriasis). Highly purified enantiomers of OXY [(R)OXY, (S)OXY] were compared with the racemate both in vitro in functional studies and in vivo in guinea pigs to evaluate their pharmacological action relative to their adverse effects. The affinity of (R)OXY and (S)OXY for different muscarinic receptor subtypes was determined using field stimulated rabbit vas deferens (M1) and guinea pig atria (M2) or bladder (M3) strips. Stereoselective antimuscarinic effects [(R)OXY greater than or equal to (R/S) OXY much greater than (S)OXY] were evident at all three receptor subtypes; the isomeric ratio [(S)OXY/(R)OXY] ranged from 12 to 88. Both (R)OXY and (R/S)OXY were slightly more selective (2-4-fold, P less than .01) for M1 and M3 relative to M2 muscarinic receptors. Stereoselectivity was also evident in vivo for volume-induced urinary bladder contractions as measured by cystometrogram parameters [(S)OXY/(R)OXY approximately 21], mydriasis [(S)OXY/(R)OXY approximately 136] and salivary gland secretory responses [(S)OXY/(R)OXY approximately 30]. The absolute potencies of (R)OXY or (R/S)OXY for mydriasis and salivation were similar to those for inhibition of intravesical bladder pressure. Also, (R)OXY and (R/S)OXY equipotently antagonized cholinergic-mediated CNS effects in mice. Collectively, the data suggest that the activity of (R/S)OXY resides predominantly in the (R)-enantiomer. However, it appears that (R)OXY may offer no significant pharmacological advantage over (R/S)OXY in terms of its principal therapeutic and side effect profile.
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PMID:Enantiomers of oxybutynin: in vitro pharmacological characterization at M1, M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors and in vivo effects on urinary bladder contraction, mydriasis and salivary secretion in guinea pigs. 199 95

The objective of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of paroxetine with imipramine and placebo in depressed outpatients. Following a 4- to 14-day placebo washout, patients were randomized into treatment groups and received study compound for up to 42 days. At Day 42, paroxetine was significantly more effective than placebo (p less than .05) in several observer- and patient-rated scales: the Retardation and Anxiety/Somatization factors of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Raskin Depression Scale, the Covi Anxiety Scale, the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Improvement Scale, the Symptom Checklist-56 (SCL-56) Total, and the Patient's Global Evaluation (PGE). There were no significant differences between paroxetine and imipramine. Significantly more imipramine (75%) than paroxetine (35%) or placebo (23%) patients reported anticholinergic side effects, including blurred vision (5%, 0%, and 0%, respectively), constipation (35%, 8%, and 15%, respectively), and dry mouth (63%, 25%, and 15%, respectively). The data from this study indicated that paroxetine is a safe, well-tolerated, effective treatment for major depressive disorder.
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PMID:A placebo- and imipramine-controlled study of paroxetine. 214 97

In a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover pilot study of acute Coriolis-induced motion sickness treatment/prevention in humans employing an anticonvulsant dose of phenytoin, a mean increase in tolerance to motion stress from 4.87 min (S.D. = 5.55) to 46.87 min (S.D. = 32.6) was obtained. This represents a greater than fourfold improvement in efficacy over any currently available single agent and is more than twice as effective as the scopolamine/dexadrine combination. There were none of the usual side effects of blurred vision, dizziness, dry mouth, or sedation.
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PMID:Use of phenytoin in the prevention of motion sickness. 225 75

The efficacy of a combination of ranitidine and pirenzepine in the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer was evaluated in a double-blind trial. In a multicentre study, 352 patients with active duodenal ulcers were randomly allocated to be treated with 300 mg/day ranitidine plus placebo (group I), 300 mg/day ranitidine plus 50 mg/day pirenzepine (group II), or 300 mg/day ranitidine plus 100 mg/day pirenzepine (group III) for 4 weeks. The respective healing rates assessed using endoscopic examination after 2 and 4 weeks' treatment were 40% and 70% in group 1, 44% and 82% in group II, and 37% and 77% in group III. The differences between the treatment groups were not significant, although 300 mg/day ranitidine plus 50 mg/day pirenzepine tended to be superior to the other treatments. Analgesic activity was the same in the three groups with 33%, 34% and 33% reductions, respectively, in the numbers of patients experiencing pain after 2 weeks. Side-effects (mainly dry mouth and blurred vision) were significantly more frequent in group III patients.
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PMID:Combined ranitidine and pirenzepine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer: a multicentre double-blind study using endoscopy. 225 57

Atropine (1 mg intravenously) and a new antimuscarinic compound, cimetropium bromide (5 mg intravenously), as well as placebo (physiological saline) were tested for their effects on gastric emptying and antroduodenal motility in healthy humans. In a first single-blind cross-over study, the emptying rate was assessed in 12 subjects by measuring paracetamol absorption. In a second single-blind parallel-group study, antroduodenal motor activity was measured in 20 subjects through four perfused open tip catheters with orifices positioned in the antroduodenal region. Atropine, unlike cimetropium bromide, significantly delayed gastric emptying. Antral and duodenal motility index was reduced significantly by atropine, but not by cimetropium bromide. Heart rate significantly increased only after atropine. Three subjects taking atropine complained of dry mouth and one of blurred vision. In conclusion, the results of these studies show that atropine, unlike cimetropium bromide, strongly inhibits gastric emptying of liquids and reduces antroduodenal motor activity in man.
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PMID:Different effects of atropine and cimetropium bromide on gastric emptying of liquids and antroduodenal motor activity in man. 234 Nov 21

We report on the distress associated with physical symptoms in 761 male hypertensive patients enrolled in a clinical trial of the effects of captopril, methyldopa or propranolol on quality of life. Educational level at entry into the trial showed a negative association with a series of physical symptom distress items among patients not previously treated with antihypertensive medications but no association with symptoms among the previously treated. Over the 24 weeks of therapy captopril as monotherapy was associated with no change from baseline in distress in all symptoms examined. In contrast, distress increased in the methyldopa treated patients for dry mouth and blurred vision. Propranolol treated patients had increased "trouble getting breath," bradycardia, shortness of breath or wheezing, and blurred vision. Between group comparisons revealed significant differences favorably comparing captopril to both methyldopa and propranolol in regard to fatigue, and blurred vision, as well as to methyldopa alone for dry mouth and "feeling worn out." There were significant differences as well between captopril and propranolol with patients on propranolol worsening in bradycardia. Other comparisons of patients on propranolol and methyldopa monotherapy showed propranolol patients worsening in bradycardia and loss of taste, but methyldopa patients reported more dry mouth and feeling worn out than those on propranolol. The addition of hydrochlorothiazide to therapy worsened total physical symptom distress scores for methyldopa and propranolol patients. This study confirms the value of methods which assess the degree of distress associated with symptoms commonly reported by hypertensive patients receiving antihypertensive medications. This approach can be useful in establishing a treatment regimen least likely to cause distress and can be of value in preserving quality of life, preventing noncompliance, and withdrawal from treatment.
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PMID:Self-reported side effects from antihypertensive drugs. A clinical trial. Quality of Life Research Group. 240 65

Fifty-three patients in an acute episode or exacerbation of psychosis were given thioridazine 200 or 400 mg daily for 2 weeks. Thioridazine and its active metabolites, mesoridazine and sulforidazine, were estimated in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioreceptor assay (RRA). One week after institution of treatment, plasma concentrations of drug were stable in the morning 12h after dosing. Drug levels varied widely between patients, but in all patients the relative level of thioridazine to mesoridazine was about one half and thioridazine to sulforidazine was about two fold. Estimates of neuroleptic activity by RRA and the weighted sum of thioridazine, mesoridazine and sulforidazine by HPLC were very similar. Plasma concentration of parent compound, metabolites, or the sum of active substances as estimated by HPLC or RRA, showed only modest correlations (rs = 0.10-0.22, all NS) to the degree of improvement as measured by change on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Significant correlations were observed between plasma concentrations of drug and side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, or total rating on the Somatic Symptoms Scale. Even patients receiving the lowest dose and achieving the lowest plasma concentrations of drug showed considerable improvement. There was suggestive evidence that the patients achieving the highest plasma levels of drug did not have the best clinical outcome. These and similar observations from other studies suggest that currently used doses of neuroleptics may be excessive. Optimal drug effects as well as stronger relationships between dose, drug concentration, and clinical therapeutic effects might best be sought at doses below those in common use.
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PMID:A fixed dose study of the plasma concentration and clinical effects of thioridazine and its major metabolites. 249 45

Five hundred twenty-nine adult outpatients were studied to determine the relationship of xerostomia to other oral symptoms and salivary flow (reported in part I) and to nonoral symptoms, drugs, and select diseases (reported here in Part II). It was observed that dry throat, blurred vision, dry eyes, dry skin, and vaginal itching and fungal infections are prominently associated with oral dryness. These nonoral symptoms were positively correlated with the oral symptoms cited in part I of this study and were inversely related to the flow of resting, but not stimulated, whole saliva. Several classes of drugs were associated with dry mouth. In addition, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were significantly associated with it. Approximately half of the diabetic and hypertensive patients complained of dry mouth. Although a majority of them were taking medications, the association between xerostomia and these diseases cannot be completely attributed to drugs, since many of these patients did not take any xerogenic medicaments. The data show that xerostomia and several other oral symptoms are valid indicators of salivary gland hypofunction. They suggest, moreover, that select nonoral symptoms are an indicator of generalized xerosis.
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PMID:Xerostomia. Part II: Relationship to nonoral symptoms, drugs, and diseases. 257 61

Hydroxyzine, a potent H1-receptor antagonist often used for relief of pruritus in patients with hepatic dysfunction, was studied in eight patients, mean age 53.4 +/- SD 11.2 years, with primary biliary cirrhosis. The patients ingested a single dose of hydroxyzine, 0.7 mg/kg (mean dose 43.9 +/- 6.6 mg). Before the dose, then hourly for 6 hours, every 2 hours from 6-12 hours, at 24 hours, and every 24 hours for 6 days, serum hydroxyzine and cetirizine were measured and an intradermal injection of 0.01 mL of a 0.1 mg/mL solution of histamine phosphate was performed. Wheals and flares were traced at 10 minutes and the areas were calculated. Mean peak hydroxyzine levels of 116.5 +/- 60.6 ng/mL occurred at 2.3 +/- 0.7 hours and mean peak cetirizine levels of 500.4 +/- 302.0 ng/mL occurred at 4.8 +/- 2.8 hours. The mean serum elimination half-life of hydroxyzine was 36.6 +/- 13.1 hours, and the mean serum elimination half-life of cetirizine was 25.0 +/- 8.2 hours. The mean hydroxyzine clearance rate was 8.65 +/- 7.46 mL/min/kg, and the mean volume of distribution was 22.7 +/- 13.3 L/kg. The mean wheal area was suppressed (P less than 0.01) from 1 to 120 hours, with maximal suppression from 2 to 48 hours. The mean flare area was suppressed from 1 to 144 hours, with maximal suppression from 3 to 24 hours (P less than 0.01). All patients became sleepy from 0.5 to 6 hours. Blurred vision, dizziness and dry mouth each occurred in two patients. Hydroxyzine elimination is impaired in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hydroxyzine in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. 257 11


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