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Query: UMLS:C0344232 (blurred vision)
 2,072 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To minimize the risk of visual loss in diabetic patients, recognition of early signs of oculopathy is essential. Diabetes-associated third-nerve palsy is manifested by unilateral ptosis and exotropia. Symptoms of closed-angle glaucoma are intense pain, halos around lights, and blurred vision. Open-angle glaucoma does not necessarily produce symptoms and is treated medically. A gradual decrease in visual acuity, sometimes associated with photophobia and difficulty in night driving, and monocular diplopia, are manifestations of cataract. The patient with "background" retinopathy usually complains of blurred or distorted central vision. Once the macula is involved, vision progressively decreases. Although the relationship of metabolic control to retinopathy has not been settled, evidence indicates that good medical control of the disease may delay onset of vascular complications.
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PMID:Four common ocular complications of diabetes--and how to treat them. 71 Aug 91

To test the hypothesis that visual disturbances are more common during intravenous magnesium sulfate administration than at 1 to 4 days after discontinuation of the drug, 13 women underwent bedside neuroophthalmologic examinations during intravenous magnesium sulfate tocolysis at 2.0 to 3.0 gm hr and again at 1 to 4 days after cessation of therapy. Visual symptoms were common during intravenous magnesium sulfate administration. Blurred vision was present in 12 of 13 patients and diplopia was present in 10 of 13 patients. Abnormal findings during neuroophthalmologic examination occurred in all patients during intravenous magnesium sulfate administration. Findings included ptosis, accommodative and convergence insufficiency, and abnormal pupillary responsiveness to light and near. All patients were symptom-free and had normal examinations after magnesium sulfate was discontinued. These findings suggest that visual disturbances with therapeutic magnesium sulfate are common.
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PMID:Neuroophthalmologic effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate. 225 94

Five patients with the Eaton-Lambert syndrome were examined neuro-ophthalmologically. Three were studied using electro-oculographic saccadic velocity recordings. Four complained of blurred vision and all complained of ptosis during the course of their disease. Clinical examination revealed mild ptosis in three of the five patients. Saccadic velocities before exercise were normal. After saccadic exercise, an increase in velocity of up to 40% was noted in two of the three patients studied.
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PMID:Clinical and subclinical oculomotor findings in the Eaton-Lambert syndrome. 622 72

A 57-year-old woman presented with a ptosis of her left eye four weeks prior to surgery for scirrhous carcinoma of the breast. Six months later she had blurred vision in her left eye, and double vision occurred three months subsequently. The diagnosis was enophthalmus and ophthalmoplegia. The suspected diagnosis of a distant metastasis of the scirrhous carcinoma of the breast was confirmed by biopsy. The orbital symptoms were a rare first sign not only of a metastatic process, but also of the carcinoma itself.
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PMID:[Enophthalmos with limitation of bulbar motility as a rare clinical symptom of metastasizing carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)]. 625 81

In the majority of dental schools there are insufficient numbers of clinical patients for all students to receive optimal experience in intravenous sedation. This investigation was carried out to assess whether the signs and symptoms for intravenous sedation taught to the undergraduates were sufficiently objective to ensure that this clinical deficiency was not detrimental to competency of the graduating student. The signs of ptosis, altered speech and blurred vision were used by both experienced dentists and novice students to assess the level of intravenous sedation. Blurred vision was found to be unreliable while altered speech was more accurate than ptosis. The more experienced the operator the earlier the signs were observed.The "Guidelines for the Teaching of Pain and Anxiety Control in Dentistry" were initially formulated by the American Dental Association in 1971 and revised in 1978(1) while similar guidelines were accepted by the House of Delegates of the Association of the Canadian Faculties of Dentistry in 1975(2) Both of these documents outlined the course of instructions necessary for the teaching of all modalities of pain and apprehension control at the undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing education level. Implementation of these guidelines at the undergraduate level has proven to be particularly difficult in the area of intravenous sedation because of the lack of suitable patients. This has resulted in many students graduating, having had little practical experience in sedating a patient with an intravenous drug. It is the hope of educators in this field that lectures, seminars, and demonstrations given to dental students are sufficient to overcome this deficiency.Since the most critical clinical aspect of intravenous sedation is titrating the amount of drug required without overdosing or underdosing the patient, it was decided to investigate this ability in students with no clinical experience with intravenous diazepam. Although many drugs and techniques are advocated(3,4,5) it was decided to limit the study to intravenous diazepam as it may be used alone and has a high therapeutic index.With the introduction of diazepam to clinical practice the symptomatology of the drug was established and described by clinicians.(6,7) Objective methods of measuring recovery from diazepam have been described by several authors(8,9,10) but the signs and symptoms used to assess the initial level of sedation have been subjective. This can be attributed to the fact that sedation is an ill-defined clinical effect and can, therefore, only be calibrated by individual arbitary signs. The most frequently used signs for intravenous diazepam sedation are ptosis, also referred to as "the Verrill sign,"(11) altered speech and blurred vision.(7) This investigation was designed to test the reliability of these signs and to examine the variability of observations between clinicians and students.
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PMID:An objective evaluation of clinical signs used to assess sedation with intravenous diazepam. 693 70

A surgical case of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the left frontal and sphenoidal bone in a 14-year-old girl is described. This girl was admitted to our hospital in March, 1992, with a chief complaint of facial deformity and asymmetry due to a painless and progressive bony bulging over the left fronto-orbital region. But she denied any symptoms such as proptosis, diplopia, optic atrophy and visual loss. Other data found on neurological examination and laboratory tests were normal. In addition, she had no history of skin lesions, precocious puberty or other endocrine abnormalities. Plain craniogram showed remarkable thickening of the left frontal bone and of the anterior cranial fossa of the sphenoidal bone with irregular stenosis of the left optic canal. CT scan showed the diffuse enlargement of the affected bone and involvement of the paranasal sinuses. Angiography revealed no positive findings. On December 10, 1992, orbito-cranial reconstruction and unilateral optic canal release were performed using an extradural approach through a left fronto-temporal craniectomy. Histological findings confirmed the lesion to be typical fibrous dysplasia. She recovered completely one month after the operation, but she suffered transient blurred vision, diplopia and left ptosis. Most of the decreased vision caused by fibrous dysplasia cannot be reversed after surgical treatment. So, if optic canal stenosis is evident, even when visual loss is not clear, release of the optic canal stenosis should be done as early as possible in association with experienced neurosurgeons and with meticulous dissection.
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PMID:[Orbito-cranial reconstruction and unilateral optic canal release in a patient with left fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia: a case report]. 796 64

Botulinum toxin has become the initial treatment of choice for the management of essential blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and other craniocervical dystonias. Numerous studies have confirmed a 90% to 95% response rate. Although a number of common side effects have been reported, the occurrence and incidence of rare local complications remains poorly understood. More importantly, the acute and chronic distant effects of botulinum toxin have not been clearly elucidated. A better understanding of such effects is essential if clinicians are to appropriately advise patients on the use of this therapeutic modality. This article is based on the Duke University experience in the management of over 500 patients with craniocervical spasm disorders, combined with a review of the published literature. These disorders include essential blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, hemifacial spasm, and torticollis. The incidence of side effects following more than 6000 treatments with botulinum toxin is presented. Pertinent research relating to the causes of these complications is also reviewed. The most common complications of treatment with botulinum toxin are related to acute local effects resulting from chemodenervation. The most important clinical effect in this group is weakening of the levator muscle resulting in ptosis, and the corneal consequences of lagophthalmos. The latter includes exposure keratitis, dry eyes, blurred vision, and hypersecretion epiphora. Less common local effects include facial numbness, diplopia, and ectropion. Some distant effects are being observed with increasing frequency. These include pruritus, dysphagia, nausea, and a flu-like syndrome. Most significant, however, are the rare reports of generalized weakness and the documentation of EMG abnormalities distant to the site of toxin injection. This has been seen with injections for both blepharospasm and torticollis. Until further studies on the long-term distant complications of botulinum toxin are available, it is recommended that patients receive as few life-time doses of toxin as possible, consistent with adequate management of their spasms. The practice of reinjecting patients routinely every three months, or at the first return of mild spasms should be discouraged.
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PMID:Botulinum-A toxin in the treatment of craniocervical muscle spasms: short- and long-term, local and systemic effects. 882 30

A double-blind study was performed on 212 consecutive patients (58 men, 154 women) with essential blepharospasm, who received one injection of Botox and one injection of Dysport in two separate treatment sessions (at the first session the patients randomly received one of the drugs, at the second the other drug was given. The patients' mean age was 66.4 years +/- 8.14 (range 39-86 years). The average dose of Botox per treatment was 45.4 IU +/- 13.3 (range 25-85 IU) and of Dysport 182.1 IU +/- 55.1 (range 100-340 IU). We used an empirical ratio Botox:Dysport of 1:4 (IU) in order to ensure equal doses. All patients had received botulinum toxin injections prior to the present study (mean 15.3 injections +/- 9.4; range 1-43 injections). The effect of Botox lasted 7.98 weeks +/- 3.8 (range 0-16 weeks), while the effect of Dysport lasted 8.03 weeks +/- 4.6 (range 0-22 weeks). Side effects (ptosis, tearing, blurred vision, double vision, hematoma, foreign body sensation) were observed with Botox in 36 of 212 (17.0%) of the treatment sessions and with Dysport in 51 of 212 sessions (24.1%). Ptosis was observed with Botox in 3 cases (1.4%) and with Dysport in 14 cases (6.6%). There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of the treatment effect between the two preparations (P = 0.42). The total number of side effects was lower with Botox than with Dysport; the significance of the difference was moderate (P < 0.05). However, the rate of occurrence of ptosis was significantly lower with Botox (P < 0.01). The bioequivalence, which varies between 1:3 and 1:6 (Botox:Dysport) in the literature, was found to be 1:4 in this study.
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PMID:Comparison of two botulinum-toxin preparations in the treatment of essential blepharospasm. 914 85

A 23-year-old woman was admitted with headache, nausea, vomiting and blurred vision on the left side. Neurological examination showed ptosis with a complete internal and external ophthalmoplegia and a red fullness around the left orbita. Computed tomographic scanning of the brain revealed no abnormalities. As she improved on high doses of steroids a diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) seemed to be indicated. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a lesion with intermediate signal intensity in the left cavernous sinus. Craniotomy was performed when symptoms of THS recurred. Histopathological examination revealed a meningioma with a papillary aspect and some mitoses. This case illustrates that: (1) THS is still a diagnosis by exclusion; (2) MRI and histopathological examination are important if there is any doubt about the diagnosis; and (3) also when there is no doubt, improvement after steroid therapy may be a diagnostic pitfall. Therefore, not only MRI but also orbital phlebography and angiography should seriously be considered.
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PMID:Meningioma presenting as Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. 1035 Jan 98

Intracranial lipoma is a rare condition, and it is usually asymptomatic. We describe a 67 year old woman who developed blurred vision, diplopia, left sided oculomotor palsy, and ipsilateral ptosis during steroid treatment for giant cell arteritis. These symptoms were considered to be associated with aggressive giant cell arteritis, and the steroid dose was raised. Surprisingly, the symptoms increased, and further examination revealed an intracranial lipoma situated in the Meckel's cave. During tapering of the steroids her symptoms gradually improved. This is the first report demonstrating that steroids may induce hypertrophy of the fat tissue in the intracranial lipoma, causing compression of the cranial nerves passing through the cavernous sinus thereby mimicking the ocular symptoms sometimes associated with aggressive giant cell arteritis.
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PMID:Neural compressive symptoms appearing during steroid treatment in a patient with intracranial lipoma. 1038 Aug 42


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