Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0341503 (bacterial peritonitis)
 1,303 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ascites and serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) were determined in 21 patients with hepatic ascites and in 9 patients with malignancy-associated ascites. There was no evidence for bacterial peritonitis in any patients. All ascites samples contained high amounts of immunoreactive IL-6 [hepatic ascites 1730 +/- 2130 pg/ml (mean +/- SD), 1160 pg/ml (median); malignant ascites 4020 +/- 1510 pg/ml (mean), 3820 pg/ml (median)] but no IL-1. The mean ascites to serum ratios of IL-6 were 96 (median 49) in patients with hepatic ascites and 587 (median 480) in patients with malignant ascites. Ascites IL-6 was biologically active as determined by the B9 cell bioassay. The results indicate that even in the absence of infection IL-6 is produced in high amounts in the peritoneal cavity of patients with hepatic or malignant ascites.
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PMID:Evidence for the production of high amounts of interleukin-6 in the peritoneal cavity of patients with ascites. 144 6

Plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine known to be involved in lymphocyte activation and in inflammation, were studied in 10 normal volunteers, 21 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients and 41 hemodialysis patients. Plasma IL-6 levels in hemodialysis patients were significantly higher than those in normal volunteers and CAPD patients (p less than 0.05). The means of plasma IL-6 concentrations before and after hemodialysis did not change significantly. While IL-6 in peritoneal dialysate was detectable in only 3 of the 21 CAPD patients without peritonitis, it was extremely high in 2 patients with bacterial peritonitis. IL-6 levels decreased as peritonitis subsided.
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PMID:Plasma interleukin-6 levels in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients. 163 May 34

We investigated 37 patients with ascites and liver cirrhosis in order to examine whether on the basis of correlation of cytokines and acute phase proteins of the ascitic fluid, prognosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis can be made. Significantly enhanced levels of interleukin-6, as well as acute phase reactants alpha-1-antitrypsin and C-reactive protein were found in the ascitic fluid of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), neopterin, interleukin 2-receptor and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor were higher in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, but without statistical significance, whereas no differences were found between the interferon gamma, interleukin-2 and interleukin-1 levels. In addition, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha and neopterin levels were found to correlate significantly with the outcome of the disease. These findings show that acute phase reaction occurs in the ascitic compartment in correlation with the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
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PMID:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is associated with high levels of interleukin-6 and its secondary mediators in ascitic fluid. 751 36

The levels of the eicosanoids leukotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, prostacycline and thromboxane B2, the cytokines interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 were measured in ascites and plasma samples of patients with liver cirrhosis (53), peritoneal cancer (26) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (10) to assess their value as a possible diagnostic and prognostic parameter in the course of the disease. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, of the eicosanoids prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4, and the protein concentration in ascites were all significantly elevated in ascites of patients with peritoneal cancer in comparison to ascites of patients with liver cirrhosis. In ascites of patients with spontaneous bacterial infection interleukin-6 concentration was significantly elevated and the protein concentration was significantly lower in comparison to the other two groups. None of these parameters, however, seems to be of practical use as a diagnostic parameter, as there is an overlap between all the levels of these mediators in ascites of liver cirrhosis, peritoneal cancer and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis group. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 levels were much higher in plasma than in ascites, in contrast to interleukin-6 levels which were much higher in ascites than in plasma. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in ascites correlated with soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in plasma (r = 0.6926, P = 0.0001). Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-6 and the number of polymorphonuclear cells in peritoneal fluid correlated during episodes of infection in patients with a peritonitis. For this reason soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin-6 could be of prognostic value for patients with peritonitis.
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PMID:Levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, eicosanoids and cytokines in ascites of patients with liver cirrhosis, peritoneal cancer and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. 759 61

Although lymphocyte-derived cytokines are known to augment macrophage cytokine production in vitro, their effect on macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion during gram-negative bacterial sepsis has not been characterized. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of lymphocyte-derived cytokines on macrophage TNF-alpha and IL-6 secretion during gram-negative bacterial peritonitis. To examine this problem, uninfected and infected mice were studied. Mice were infected with Escherichia coli O111:B4 and two subgroups were examined consisting of those pretreated iv 1 hr prior to bacterial challenge with either (1) saline or (2) anti-E. coli O111:B4 LPS mAb 2A3, the latter administered to abrogate the effects of LPS in vivo. Thus, three groups of mice were studied in relation to pretreatment and infectious challenges: (1) saline/saline (control); (2) saline/E. coli (saline); and (3) mAb 2A3/E. coli (mAb 2A3). Nonadherent splenocytes (> 95% lymphocytes by histologic staining criteria) harvested 16 hr later from mice in each group were incubated in culture ex vivo for 3 hr to obtain supernatants containing lymphocyte-derived cytokines. These supernatants containing lymphocyte-derived cytokines then were incubated in vitro with naive splenic macrophages with or without E. coli O111:B4 LPS. Macrophage TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels were determined using L929 and B9 bioassays.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Lymphocyte-derived cytokines augment macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 secretion during experimental gram-negative bacterial sepsis. 779 54

Fifty-seven patients with decompensated cirrhosis were studied prospectively to assess the sensitivity and specificity of early clinical or biological signs of bacterial infection. Among them, 19 had proven infection on admission (7 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 5 bacteraemia, 3 urinary tract infections, 2 pneumonia, 1 dental abscess and 1 cholangitis). Fever, polymorphonuclear cell count, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels were found to be of little or no help in diagnosing bacterial infection on admission. Interleukin-6 plasma levels were, however, significantly different between infected (median: 1386 pg/ml, range: 237-20,000) and non-infected patients (median: 34 pg/ml, range: 0-4500, p < 0.00001). Levels above 200 pg/ml were always found in infected patients, giving a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 74%. C-reactive protein correlated weakly with interleukin-6 levels, indicating a defective acute-phase response in cirrhosis. Tumor necrosis factor alpha plasma levels were less sensitive (95%) and specific (68%) for the diagnosis of bacterial infection at a threshold of 50 pg/ml, but were more closely related to a poor patient outcome. In decompensated cirrhosis, interleukin-6 plasma levels on admission provided the most sensitive and specific tool for the diagnosis of bacterial infection.
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PMID:Interleukin-6: an early marker of bacterial infection in decompensated cirrhosis. 793 Apr 84

We prospectively measured the concentrations of immunoreactive tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the serum and ascitic fluid of 14 alcoholic cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and 16 alcoholic cirrhotic patients with sterile ascitic fluid. TNF-alpha levels in ascitic fluid were significantly higher for the patients with SBP: 399.57 +/- 129.23 pg/mL vs. 35.76 +/- 5.57 pg/mL (P < .001). IL-6 levels in ascitic fluid were also significantly higher for the patients with SBP: 170,713 +/- 57,109 ng/mL vs. 5,414 +/- 973 ng/mL (P < .001). By contrast, serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were just slightly more elevated than normal values. The concentration of IL-1 in the ascitic fluid of all patients was elevated, but there was no difference between patients with SBP or sterile ascites in this respect. In the patients with SBP, levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in ascitic fluid decreased during the first 48 hours of antibiotic treatment. Our results suggest that measurements of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in ascitic fluid may become useful markers both for the diagnosis of SBP and for monitoring the treatment of cirrhotic patients.
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PMID:High levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. 798 Aug 33

To assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of interleukin-6, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha assays in plasma and ascites, we measured these cytokines in eight patients with malignancy-related ascites and 32 patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Five patients had an episode of bacterial peritonitis, during which one or more ascitic fluid samples were analyzed. Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were not significantly different between the cirrhotic and the malignant groups: ascitic interleukin-6 13,816 +/- 15,314 vs 28,138 +/- 23,403 pg/ml, plasma interleukin-6 542 +/- 719 vs 559 +/- 604 pg/ml; ascitic tumor necrosis factor-alpha 19 +/- 50 vs 12 +/- 31 pg/ml, plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha 3.4 +/- 8.2 vs 6.1 +/- 13.8 pg/ml. During an episode of bacterial peritonitis there was a significant increase only in ascitic interleukin-6 (133,268 +/- 99,743 pg/ml), which declined after antibiotic treatment. None of the parameters was associated with 6-month survival (11 of the 40 patients died within 6 months). There was a correlation (r = 0.675; p = 0.002) between plasma interleukin-6 levels and the Child-Pugh score in patients with cirrhosis, but not with the etiology of the liver disorder. Plasma interleukin-6 levels correlated with IgA levels (r = 0.649; p = 0.004) but not with C reactive protein, sedimentation rate, fibrinogen, IgM or IgG. These results do suggest that interleukin-6 is produced within the peritoneal cavity in hepatic and malignant ascites. There is a sharp increase in the local production of interleukin-6 during an episode of bacterial peritonitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:High interleukin-6 production within the peritoneal cavity in decompensated cirrhosis and malignancy-related ascites. 853 97

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is associated with an important production of inflammatory mediators. However, it is unknown whether there is a relationship between the abdominal production of these mediators and the development of renal impairment, one of the most important prognostic parameters in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. We studied 52 cirrhotic patients at diagnosis and resolution of the infection, by measuring endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in plasma and ascitic fluid. Thirteen patients (25%) developed renal impairment. Patients developing renal impairment showed significantly higher plasma and ascitic fluid cytokine levels at diagnosis of infection than patients who did not (plasma TNF-alpha: 96.0+/-38.7 vs. 39.1+/-3.6 pg/mL, P=.0209; ascitic fluid TNF-alpha: 474.5+/-118.1 vs. 160.8+/-42.7 pg/mL, P=.0173; plasma IL-6: 6,635+/-2,897 vs. 458+/-109 pg/mL, P=.0004; ascitic fluid IL-6: 182,559+/-47,328 vs. 39,250+/-10,803 pg/mL, P=.0001). Independent predictors of development of renal impairment at diagnosis were: renal failure (blood urea nitrogen > 30 mg/dL or serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL) (P < .001), IL-6 levels in ascitic fluid (P < .001), and mean arterial pressure (P < .05). Ten of the 13 (77%) patients who developed renal impairment died during hospitalization, but only 2 of the 39 (5%) patients who did not (P=.0001). In addition, renal failure at diagnosis of the infection was the only independent predictor of hospital mortality (P < .001). In conclusion, the inflammatory response to the infection may be an important mechanism of renal impairment and the associated mortality in SBP.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: relationship with the development of renal impairment and mortality. 958 75

Ascitic fluid infection probably results from repeated episodes of bacteremia and seeding of ascitic fluid. The outcome of these episodes of colonization is probably a function of serum and ascitic fluid defense mechanisms and the virulence of the organism. Patients who develop spontaneous bacterial peritonitis may have serum and ascitic fluid characteristics that are different from those who do not develop infection. We prospectively collected serum and ascitic fluid specimens at the time of admission from patients with sterile cirrhotic ascites, and tested these specimens for interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitric oxide and compared these results as well as other characteristics of patients who did not develop infection to those who did. An elevated baseline serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha as well as an increased proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in sterile ascitic fluid from patients who subsequently developed infection probably represent a subclinical activation of defense mechanisms from prior silent colonizations with bacteria.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and nitric oxide in sterile ascitic fluid and serum from patients with cirrhosis who subsequently develop ascitic fluid infection. 1171 36


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