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Query: UMLS:C0341503 (bacterial peritonitis)
 1,303 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A satisfactory clinical response occurred in 96.7 per cent of 210 patients with proved bacterial peritonitis following appropriate surgical intervention and an antimicrobial regimen of 1 per cent cephalothin administered intraperitoneally, with supplementary antibiotics as indicated. Instillation of cephalothin achieves the therapeutic benefits of high intraperitoneal levels with an antibiotic of broad activity and minimum toxicity and permits flexibility in the choice of additional antimicrobial therapy. Adjuvant therapy with cephalothin did not result in peritoneal adhesions or significant abdominal pain. Clinical experience suggests that it may promote healing of anastomotic leaks. The results of this study indicate that intraperitoneally administered cephalothin is a significant factor in lowering the death rate in peritonitis.
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PMID:A rationale for intraperitoneally administered antibiotic therapy. 78 45

Physicians must remain attuned to the increased incidence of infectious complications in alcoholics as compared with the general population. Prompt diagnosis and vigorous early treatment of pneumonia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis may reverse and otherwise grave prognosis. Althought many mechanisms of host defenses seem affected by alcohol ingestion, the precise mechanisms of increased bacterial susceptibility in alcoholism remain unclear.
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PMID:Infectious complications of alcoholism. 85 47

Thirty-six paired specimens of serum and ascitic fluid from 21 patients with peritonitis and ascites, most with sponetaneous bacterial peritonitis and alcoholic cirrhosis, were assayed for antibiotic content. Antibiotics assayed and number of determinations were gentamicin, 14; tobramycin, 7; ampicillin, 5; clindamycin, 3; penicillin G, 2; cephalothin, 2; chloramphenico, 2; and cefazolin, 1. In 31 pared specimens the ascitic fluid antibiotic concentration was about one half or more of the simultaneous serum level and in 17 assays exceeded 90% of the serum level. All antibiotics studied penetrated ascitic fluid equally well. Clinical response to antibiotic therapy was good in 12 of 16 patients with culture-proven bacterial peritonitis. Antibiotic levels in ascitic fluid exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration of the infecting organisms in all but one patient who responded. Direct intraperitoneal instillation of antibiotics does not appear to be necessary routinely; however, there may be an initial lag of several hours before antibiotic concentrations is ascites achieve therapeutic levels.
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PMID:Antibiotic concentrations in ascitic fluid of patients with ascites and bacterial peritonitis. 86 51

Spontaneous peritonitis in adults has not been previously reported to occur in association with ascites of neoplastic origin. We report a patient with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma in whom spontaneous streptococcus pneumonia peritonitis occurred as a terminal event. Massive metastases may have resulted in significant loss of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system and impaired the capability of the liver to function as an effective bacterial filter, predisposing the patient to bacterial peritonitis.
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PMID:Spontaneous streptococcus pneumonia peritonitis in a patient with metastatic gastric cancer: a case report and etiologic consideration. 87 Jan 72

Apparently spontaneous neonatal intestinal perforation may be difficult to diagnose if the condition is not kept in mind. It may present with free perforation or with the late effects of meconium peritonitis. Five cases are described. There is a high mortality associated with bacterial peritonitis, and the importance of early diagnosis and energetic resuscitation is underlined.
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PMID:Spontaneous neonatal and fetal intestinal perforation. 89 45

The acute afferent loop syndrome, i.e. occlusion of the afferent loop after partial gastrectomy by the Billroth II method, was produced in the rat. In a primary session a gastrojejunostomy with division of the pylorus was performed. 2-3 months later the afferent loop was ligated. The gastric evacuation and the propulsive motility of the intestine were studied quantitatively, using an inert radioisotope. Both the gastric evacuation and the propulsive intestinal motility were considerably delayed in ALS, both in relation to the laparotomized controls and in relation to previous findings in mechanical intestinal obstruction and paralytic ileus due to retroperitoneal irritation or bacterial peritonitis.
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PMID:Gastric evacuation and propulsive intestinal motility in acute afferent loop syndrome in the rat. 96 Feb 96

The pharmacokinetics of cefamandole nafate, a new parenteral cephalosporin derivative, were evaluated in 11 patients with chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance less than 5 ml/min), including five patients during hemodialysis, four patients during routine peritoneal dialysis, and two patients during the interdialytic period. Peak serum levels of cefamandole were comparable to those observed in patients with normal renal function. Clearance of the drug during the interdialytic period and during hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis was minimal, with a resultant significant prolongation of serum half-life. The nondialyzability of cefamandole is in contrast with reported studies of cephalothin, where significant reduction of the serum half-life was achieved during hemodialysis but not peritoneal dialysis. The concentration of cefamandole in the peritoneal dialysate after parenteral administration was observed to be bactericidal for many gram-negative pathogens and, with the exception of Streptococcus faecalis, most gram-positive organisms found in bacterial peritonitis in patients with severe renal failure. The present data suggest that if stable bactericidal serum levels of cefamandole are to be maintained during hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, a parenteral loading dose must be administered followed by one-half the loading dose every half-life.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. 98 87

Thirty-one patients with Candida isolated from peritoneal fluid were examined. Twenty-two were considered to have Candida peritonitis. The data on these 22 patients, plus 12 additional patients described in the literature, were reviewed. This infection was observed as a complication of peritoneal dialysis, gastrointestinal surgery or perforation of an abdominal viscus. Recent antibiotic administration seemed to be an important predisposing factor. The disease usually remained localized intra-abdominally, although disseminated candidiasis was also noted in three cases. Clinically significant infection could be differentiated from peritoneal contamination with Candida by the presence and persistence of fever, peritoneal signs, peripheral leukocytosis, positive peritoneal cultures for Candida, abnormal films of the abdomen and purulent ascitic fluid. Surgical interventions and removal of infected peritoneal fluid were the cornerstones of therapy. Short-term, low-dose systemic and/or intraperitoneally administered amphotericin B appeared promising in the treatment of unremitting infection. Mortality in treated patients was low and was comparable to that in patients with bacterial peritonitis.
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PMID:Candida peritonitis. Report of 22 cases and review of the English literature. 100 70

Two patients developed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis after infusions of vasopressin into the superior mesenteric or gastroduodenal arteries for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The peritonitis in these patients differed from the typical picture in which a single aerobic organism is responsible, by the presence of multiple organisms, some of which were anaerobic. These findings suggest that the arterial vasoconstriction decreased the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier and permitted the transmural migration of enteric organisms from the lumen of the bowel into the ascites-filled peritoneal cavity.
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PMID:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis induced by intraarterial vasopressin therapy. 108 26

The effect of RIL-2 on the survival of mice with S. aureus--induced peritonitis was studied. Animals received bacterial suspension and RIL-2 as following: bacteria--on days 0, +2, RIL-2--day 0 (group 1); bacteria--days 0, +4, RIL-2--days 0, +2 (group 2); bacteria--days 0, +6, RIL-2--days 0, +2, +4 (group 3). RIL-2 exerted no protective effect in group 1. However, in groups 2 and 3, where the control animals survival was, resp., 56% and 38%, the RIL-2 treatment increased survival up to, resp., 84% and 70%. Antibiotics given instead of RIL-2 in analogous regimen decreased the survival in group 3 to the level of 25%. Thus, RIL-2 proved to be a potent therapeutic agent in the 2nd of 3d studied models of S. aureus--induced peritonitis in mice. The perspectives of RIL-2 use in the treatment of bacterial peritonitis, including porous ones, and of the immunodepression--aggravated conditions are discussed.
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PMID:[The effect of recombinant interleukin-2 on the course of experimental staphylococcal peritonitis in mice]. 128 96


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