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Query: UMLS:C0341503 (bacterial peritonitis)
 1,303 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This article reviews the published clinical experience of the use of the third-generation cephalosporins in the treatment of rare infections. Rare infections are defined as those caused by unusual pathogens or multi-resistant organisms as well as those occurring in unusual or pharmacologically protected body sites. Examples of such infections are uncommon causes of meningitis and ventriculitis, brain abscess, rare causes of bacterial endocarditis, metastatic Salmonella infections, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and liver abscess, late complications of Lyme borreliosis, uncommon Pseudomonas infections, and post-reconstructive surgery Aeromonas cellulitis. Although these data are largely anecdotal, they form a useful body of information, providing guidance on the management of similar problems encountered by other doctors, while suggesting areas of further investigation for the management of a variety of unusual infections with the third-generation cephalosporins.
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PMID:Third-generation cephalosporins in the treatment of rare infections. 218 6

Aztreonam, the first of the new class of monobactams, has a narrow and specific range of bactericidal activity; it is highly active against Gram-negative aerobic pathogens but is essentially inactive against Gram-positive or anaerobic bacteria. Several unique features indicate that aztreonam may provide an attractive choice for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infection in adults and children. Clinical study in adults has shown aztreonam to be highly effective against infections of the urinary and lower respiratory tracts, the musculoskeletal system and the female genitourinary tract. It also has proved useful in neutropenic patients, including those with cancer, and for treatment of bacterial peritonitis, gonorrhea, cellulitis and wound infections. Reported clinical and microbiologic cure rates have been comparable to those associated with traditional therapeutic approaches (85 to 100%). In the treatment of children with urinary tract infection as well as other types of infections, aztreonam therapy in a dosage of 30 mg/kg given every 6 to 8 hours was associated with satisfactory clinical and microbiologic cure rates. There appear to be specific clinical situations for which aztreonam may be an appropriate alternative to more toxic therapies, although comparative trials are needed to delineate the exact place of aztreonam in the armamentarium against bacterial infection.
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PMID:Clinical experience with aztreonam. 268 8

Pasteurella multocida, a small, gram-negative coccobacillus , is part of the normal oral flora of many animals, including the dog and cat. P. multocida is the etiologic agent in a variety of infectious disease syndromes. We have reported 34 cases of infection caused by P. multocida and have reviewed the English literature. P. multocida infections may be divided into three broad groups: 1. Infections resulting from animal bites and scratches : The most common infections caused by P. multocida are local wound infections following animal bites or scratches . Cats are the source of infection in 60 to 80% of cases and dogs in the great majority of the remainder. Local infections are characterized by the rapid appearance of erythema, warmth, tenderness, and frequently purulent drainage. The most common local complications are abscess formation and tenosynovitis. Serious local complications include septic arthritis proximal to bites or scratches , osteomyelitis resulting from direct inoculation or extension of cellulitis, and the combination of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, most commonly involving a finger or hand after a cat bite. 2. Isolation of P. multocida from the respiratory tract: The isolation of P. multocida from the respiratory tract must be interpreted differently than its isolation from other systemic sites. Most commonly P. multocida found in the respiratory tract is a commensal organism in patients with underlying pulmonary disease, but serious respiratory tract infections including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscesses may develop. Most patients with respiratory tract colonization or infection have a history of animal exposure. 3. Other systemic infections: P. multocida is recognized as a pathogen in a variety of systemic infections including bacteremia, meningitis, brain abscess, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and intra-abdominal abscess. P. multocida often acts as an opportunistic pathogen with a predilection for causing bacteremia in patients with liver dysfunction, septic arthritis in damaged joints, meningitis in the very young or elderly, and pulmonary colonization or invasion in patients with underlying respiratory tract abnormalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Pasteurella multocida infections. Report of 34 cases and review of the literature. 637 40

Although Taiwan is not an area where cholera is endemic, from October 1988 to October 1997 30 episodes of non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae infection were noted at the National Cheng Kung University Hospital in Taiwan. Infections generally occurred in hot seasons, and two episodes were concomitant with Vibrio vulnificus infection. Three major clinical presentations were found: bacteremia with concurrent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or invasive soft-tissue infections that occurred solely in cirrhotic patients; self-limited acute febrile gastroenteritis that occurred in patients with no underlying medical disease; and necrotizing fasciitis or cellulitis that often resulted from a wound on extremities. Other manifestations included fatal pneumonitis in a drowned man and acute pyosalpinx. The differential diagnosis of invasive infections in cirrhotic patients should include infections due to non-O1 V. cholerae or V. vulnificus, and a third-generation cephalosporin and a tetracycline analogue or a fluoroquinolone alone is recommended for treatment of severe vibrio infections.
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PMID:Infections due to non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in southern Taiwan: predominance in cirrhotic patients. 979 33

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is used by clinicians for the prevention of numerous infections, including sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus infection, tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, recurrent cellulitis, meningococcal disease, recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis, influenza, malaria, infective endocarditis, pertussis, plague, anthrax, early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates, and animal bite wounds. Certain opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients also can be effectively prevented with primary antimicrobial prophylaxis. Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis is recommended for various surgical procedures to prevent surgical site infection. Optimal antimicrobial agents for prophylaxis are bactericidal, nontoxic, inexpensive, and active against the typical pathogens that cause surgical site infection postoperatively. To maximize its effectiveness, intravenous perioperative prophylaxis should be given within 30 to 60 minutes before the time of surgical incision. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be of short duration to decrease toxicity, antimicrobial resistance, and excess cost.
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PMID:Antimicrobial prophylaxis in adults. 1063 Jul 64

Bacterial infections are frecuent in cirrhotic patients, they are present in 30% - 50% of hospitalized cirrhotic and in 10% of general population; compromise 4.5 % of cirrhotic for year.The purpose of this study was to distinguish the prognostic factors of survival and its influence on the evolution of the disease in cirrhotic patients, we have analized 100 patientes with cirrhosis.Alcoholism is the firsth cause of cirrhosis (39%), the second is viral hepatitis (7%), and no defined in 51%.At least 86% of cirrhotic patients had one episode of infection that produced hospitalization The most common infection was: urinary tract (68.6%), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (11.5%), pneumnonia (11.5%), tuberculosis (3.5%), cellulitis (3.9%) and others (1.8%).Three of each four hospitalizations were caused for intercurrent infection.Child-Poug C and B patients had infections more times that Child-Poug A patients.Global mortality was 59%. Suvival was 83.7% at 2 years and 32.5% at 5 years.
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PMID:[INFECTIONS IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS AT HOSPITAL NACIONAL ARZOBISPO LOAYZA IN LIMA,PERU] 1214 May 97

Whether pretransplant nonviral infections influence outcomes after transplantation in liver transplant recipients in the current era is not well defined. One hundred consecutive patients undergoing liver transplantation in 2005-2008 were studied. Demographics, posttransplant clinical events, and mortality were compared between recipients with and without infections within 12 months before transplantation. In all, 32% of the patients (32/100) developed 45 episodes of pretransplant infections, which included spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (35.6%), bloodstream infections (28.9%), cellulitis (13.3%), pneumonia (8.9%), urinary tract infections (6.7%), and other infections (6.7%). Compared with 68 recipients without pretransplant infections, those with infections had a higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score and a lower likelihood of transplantation from home and required longer and more frequent hospital care before and after transplantation (P < 0.05). Mortality at 90 (9.4% versus 2.9%) and 180 days (15.6% versus 10.3%) post-transplant did not differ significantly between recipients with and without pretransplant infections (P = not significant). A higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (P < 0.05) and posttransplant infections (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001), but not pretransplant infections, were associated with posttransplant mortality at 90 and 180 days. In conclusion, pretransplant infections that have been adequately treated do not pose a significant risk for poor outcomes, including posttransplant mortality.
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PMID:Impact of pretransplant infections on clinical outcomes of liver transplant recipients. 2010 99

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is commonly used by clinicians for the prevention of numerous infectious diseases, including herpes simplex infection, rheumatic fever, recurrent cellulitis, meningococcal disease, recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis, influenza, infective endocarditis, pertussis, and acute necrotizing pancreatitis, as well as infections associated with open fractures, recent prosthetic joint placement, and bite wounds. Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis is recommended for various surgical procedures to prevent surgical site infections. Optimal antimicrobial agents for prophylaxis should be bactericidal, nontoxic, inexpensive, and active against the typical pathogens that can cause surgical site infection postoperatively. To maximize its effectiveness, intravenous perioperative prophylaxis should be administered within 30 to 60 minutes before the surgical incision. Antimicrobial prophylaxis should be of short duration to decrease toxicity and antimicrobial resistance and to reduce cost.
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PMID:Antimicrobial prophylaxis in adults. 2171 23

The aim of this study was to look at the aetiological factors presenting as acute febrile illness in cirrhotic patients. The study group included all cirrhotic patients admitted as inpatients between January and December 2011 with a history of fever of less than seven days duration. Detailed history, clinical examination and investigations, as required, were noted. The data collected were analysed. A total of 42 patients formed the study group. The male-to-female ratio was 9.5:1. The mean age at presentation was 45.09 years (24-77 years). The aetiological factors for fever were: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (20), lower respiratory tract infection (8), urinary tract infection (6), lower limb cellulitis (4), acute cholecystitis (2) and malaria (2). The mean MELD (model for end-stage liver disease) score at presentation was 20.4. Three patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and a mean MELD score of 31 died during the hospital admission. Febrile illness in cirrhosis is attributable to multiple causes. Outcome is dependent on the severity of underlying liver disease.
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PMID:Acute febrile illness in cirrhosis - thinking beyond spontaneous bacterial peritonitis! 2311 56

Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative bacilli with curved, comma shape that belongs to the family Vibrionaceae. The antigenic structure consists of a flagellar H antigen and a somatic O antigen (used to classify V cholerae in various serogroups). Serogroups 01 and 0139 have caused epidemics of cholera. Vibrio cholerae non-01 non-139 has been isolated from patients with bacteremia, acute secretory diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever and cellulitis. Invasive forms such as meningitis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and encephalitis are uncommon. Immunosuppression and cirrhosis are risk factors for developing invasive disease. This case report describes a cirrhotic patient from Salta, Argentina, consulting for abdominal pain and fever. He was diagnosed with SBP and Vibrio cholerae non-01 non-139 bacteremia. He received antibiotic treatment with third generation cephalosporins for fourteen days with favorable clinical outcome.
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PMID:[Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis associated with Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 bacteremia]. 2328 1


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