Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0338671 (Steroids)
 9,479 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Changes in levels of sex steroids and gonadotropins were measured in 16 normal prepubertal and 15 pubertal girls prior to and after a 3 hour infusion of 100 microgrm synthetic gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gn-RH). Plasa estradiol (E2) concentrations rose significantly (p less than 0.02) from 29.7 +/- 4.6 (SE) pg/ml in the basal period to to 46.8 +/- 7.1 at the end of the infusion in the pubertal girls but were unchanged in the prepubertal girls. Estrone (E1), progesterone (P), 17-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE (17OHP), TESTOSTERONE (T), DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE (DHT), and androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) levels were not altered in either maturity group. Basal plasma E2, E1, T, DHT, DHA and DHAS concentrations significantly correlated with the releasable pool of LH evoked by Gn-RH from the pituitary gonadotropes. We conclude: 1) The ovary is not highly and rapidly responsive to transient elevations of endogenous gonadotropin, and 2) Adrenal androgens may to some extent modulate the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system, at least as reflected by the pituitary response to exogenous Gn-RH.
Steroids 1977 Jul
PMID:Effect of an infusion of Gn-RH upon levels of sex hormones in prepubertal and pubertal girls: evidence for relative ovarian insensitivity. 33 74

Adrenal glands obtained from patients undergoing therapeutic adrenalectomy were used to study the effects of angiotensin on human adrenal steroidogenesis. It was observed that angiotensin stimulated cortisol biosynthesis. Although this has been demonstrated to occur in canine and bovine adrenals, angiotens in-induced cortisol biosynthesis has not been established in man. The possibility that angiotensin merely stimulated glomerulosa cells to secrete precursor steroids which accumulated in the medium and then diffused into fasciculata cells to provide substrate for cortisol biosynthesis was excluded by demonstrating that 3beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (pregnenolone) and progesterone (the only pertinent precursors) did not accumulate in angiotensin-stimulated cell suspension. In addition, angiotensin stimulated cortisol biosynthesis in a fasciculata cell suspension in which angiotensin did not stimulate aldosterone production. Therefore, in human adrenal cell suspensions angiotensin appeared to act directly to stimulate cortisol synthesis by fasciculata cells. In normal subjects pre-treated with dexamethasone, angiotensin infusions failed to stimulate an increase in plasma cortisol. The physiological importance of angiotensin as a regulator of cortisol secretion remains, therefore, to be established.
Steroids
PMID:Angiotensin stimulates cortisol biosynthesis in human adrenal cells in vitro. 70 14

Adrenal secretory rates and peripheral plasma levels of progesterone (PROG) were determined during the estrous cycles of hamsters and 4-day cyclic rats. In both species, the PROG concentrations in peripheral plasma were never more than 6% of those observed in adrenal venous plasma. In hamsters, adrenal PROG secretory rates varied from 3.8 +/- 0.8 ng/min at 0800 hr on proestrus (P) to 8.5 +/- 1 ng/min at 2000 hr on estrus (E). The rates noted on P were among the lowest observed and were similar to those noted at 0800 hr the following morning. In rats, adrenal PROG secretory rates varied from 57 +/- 9 ng/min at 0800 hr on E to 130 +/- 18 ng/min at 2000 hr on P. A significant decline occurred between 2000 hr on P and 0800 hr the following morning. Rats secreted 3 to 8 times more PROG than did hamsters when the secretory rates are expressed as ng/min/100 mg adrenal. In hamsters, the data suggest a relative lack of influence of female reproductive hormones on adrenal PROG secretion and in turn the latter may not be involved in reproductive hormonal changes leading to ovulation. In rats, the increased adrenal PROG secretion noted on P may be due to the influence of reproductive hormones on adrenocortical function. This elevated rate may in turn influence the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian axis.
Steroids 1976 Aug
PMID:A comparative study of adrenal progesterone secretion during the estrous cycles of hamsters and rats. 98 24

The influence of repeated injections of progesterone to pregnant rats upon monoamine storage and regulation of enzymes phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) was studied. All the pregnant females received progesterone (4 mg/100 g body weight) on 19, 20 and 21 days post-coitum but one group was killed at 21 days of pregnancy and the other one at 0 h parturition. Adrenal epinephrine demonstrated highly significant increase in progesterone treated rats. At the same time norepinephrine content declined significantly from the control value. The activity of enzyme PNMT also showed marked increase in the adrenals of progesterone treated females. Activity of enzyme MAO showed a slight decline after progesterone treatment to pregnant rats. Enzyme COMT in progesterone treateed animals showed decline at 0 h parturition but at 21 days post-coitum it was significantly higher from non-injected females. All the increases and decreases in monoamines and the three enzymes were significant when the results were expressed per adrenal gland or per gram of adrenal. The results suggest that exogenous progesterone administration during late pregnancy increases epinephrine stores by declining monoamine metabolism by MAO and COMT and increasing their synthesis by PNMT which is responsible for N-methylation of norepinephrine to epinephrine.
Steroids 1975 Nov
PMID:Progesterone mediated increase in monoamine stores and the regulation of enzymes of biosynthesis and metabolism in the adrenal gland during late pregnancy in the rat. 120 87

Guinea pig adrenal estrogen sulfotransferase from either sex was eluted as a single peak, irrespective of buffer salt concentration, when subjected to fast protein liquid chromatography on gel filtration columns. The same enzyme was consistently eluted in two distinct peaks during chromatofocusing. Adrenal pregnenolone sulfotransferase was eluted during gel filtration in a heterogeneous pattern, dependent on salt concentration. These properties have made possible almost complete separation of the two sulfotransferases in one step, although adrenal estrogen sulfotransferase may possess a minute intrinsic ability to catalyze sulfation of pregnenolone. Pregnenolone sulfotransferase had no measurable activity toward estrone. Pregnenolone sulfotransferase from both sexes yielded variable elution patterns during chromatofocusing. Estrogen sulfotransferase from the adrenal, as well as that of guinea pig chorion, was strongly inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and to a lesser degree by iodoacetamide and iodoacetate. Adrenal and chorion estrogen sulfotransferases were thermolabile and were activated, although not protected from the effect of heat, by binding to 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate. Adrenal pregnenolone sulfotransferase was inhibited only by high concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide and not at all by iodoacetamide or iodoacetate. It was more thermostable than the estrogen sulfotransferase and was not activated by binding to 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate.
Steroids 1992 Jun
PMID:Comparison of estrogen sulfotransferase and pregnenolone sulfotransferase of guinea pig. 144 Jul

Some properties of immunoreactive estradiol secreted by adrenals and ovaries of immature female rats were studied. It was shown that adrenals and ovaries of 15-day-old animals secrete approximately equal amounts of immunoreactive estradiol, with thin-layer chromatogram of immunoreactive material being identical for both glands. Adrenal- as well as ovarian-derived estradiol can bind to uterine cytosol estradiol receptors with the formation of complexes, which can be activated in the cell-free system. The removal of either adrenals or ovaries causes a decrease of cytosol estradiol receptor levels in the uterus 6 hours after the operation. From these results and previously reported data, nothing suggests that immunoreactive estradiol secreted by the adrenals of immature rats should be regarded as "spurious" hormone.
Steroids 1992 Apr
PMID:The study of properties of immunoreactive estradiol secreted by adrenals and ovaries of immature female rats. 151 60

In a recent survey that the author conducted among podiatrists, the typical therapeutic injection for inflammatory lesions consisted of 2.25 or 2.5 mL of 1% lidocaine or plain bupivicaine (or, rarely, with epinephrine 1:200,000), 0.5 mL of hexadrol, and 0.25 mL of an insoluble cortisone such as triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog). It is clear that variation exists and that each doctor has his or her own "cocktail" for therapeusis. The author finds that 1% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:200,000 therapeutic injections alone have a profound clinical effect when used in concert with biomechanic control. These injections are given as a series once a week and then the interphase is stretched out as needed. Because no steroids are used, there is no limit to the number of injections, and so, for chronic entities such as metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint osteoarthritis, the author has been giving certain patients 6 to 10 therapeutic injections a year for 15 to 18 years, while controlling pain. Because all "cocktails" usually contain some amount of local anesthetic, maybe the podiatric community is using added medications such as steroids unnecessarily. Steroids mask poor diagnostic and technical skills and also infections. Clinicians also should spend time controlling the pedal sympathetics through "chemical sympathectomy." This posterior tibial nerve and artery therapeutic block was developed by Dr. Marvin Steinberg in the 1940s. Treatments are given in 1-week intervals with the first treatment giving 3 to 5 days' relief, the second 5 to 7 days, the third 7 to 10 days, and then 2- and 4-week intervals. Eventually, a comfortable interphase is selected, if necessary. In order for the blocks to work in summation, a vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine is mandatory. Lidocaine is the active ingredient of chemical sympathectomy; it blocks the artery and nerve, including the posterior tibial sympathetics. The posterior tibial sympathetics control 85% of the sympathetics to the foot, including all four muscle layers and the vital structures of the sole of the foot. Epinephrine works at the vasovasorum, nervonervorum, vasonervorum, and nervovasorum to maintain the active medication longer and make the block more effective. This chemical sympathectomy works even better than a lumbar paravertebral sympathectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Preoperative and therapeutic local anesthetics and steroids. 158 7

Adrenal uptake and metabolism of circulating low density lipoprotein (LDL) was examined in female guinea pigs. [H3]LDL was prepared by exchange labeling with [H3]cholesteryl linoleate. After its injection plasma [H3]sterol ester concentration declined rapidly. This decline was slower in those animals pretreated with dexamethasone than in untreated controls. At 120 min after [H3]LDL administration [H3]-cholesteryl esters and [H3]cholesterol were detected in the adrenal gland. The levels of both radioactive and radioinert esters were lower in animals given dexamethasone. In contrast no difference in radioactive or radioinert cholesterol concentration was evident. In a second experiment [H3]LDL was prepared by reconstitution of the LDL-core with [H3]cholesteryl linoleate. After administration its disappearance from the circulation was similar to that observed in the first experiment. Other organs also took up [H3]LDL including the liver and kidney. Free and esterified [H3]cholesterol concentrations were greater in the liver than in the adrenal gland at 120 min after injection. The results from these two experiments were interpreted to mean that th adrenal cortex is capable of taking up LDL and metabolizing its cholesteryl esters. Uptake may be stimulated by ACTH.
Steroids 1981 May
PMID:In vivo uptake and metabolism of low density lipoprotein in the guinea pig adrenal. 725 15

A method was developed for the estimation of levels of cortisol-21-sulfate (F KS), cortisone-21-sulfate (ES), and 20(alpha + beta)-reduced cortisol-21-sulfates in blood plasma. Levels of these conjugates were determined in peripheral vein plasma of 42 normal subjects, 21 men, and 21 women (age range 20-64 years) and in adrenal vein plasma of patients with various adrenocortical disorders, six patients with primary hyperaldosteronism, five patients with Cushing's syndrome, and in two obese patients, suspected to have Cushing's syndrome, but with inconclusive laboratory findings. Adrenal vein blood was obtained by percutaneous, trans-femoral adrenal vein catheterization. Levels of non-conjugated (free) cortisol were determined in all plasma samples along with those of the sulfated steroids. F kappa S was found in all plasma samples, both in men and women. The variation in F kappa S levels paralleled that in the free cortisol levels, thus the ratio of F kappa/F kappa S was the same in the blood samples drawn at 8 AM as in those drawn at 4 PM or 5 PM (ranges: 17.5-36.3 in men, 23.6-45.8 in women). The levels of F kappa S were relatively lower in women than in men (women 610-880 ng/100 mL at AM, 300-510 ng/100 mL at PM; men: 760-1,220 ng/100 mL at AM, 380-760 ng/100 mL at PM). Plasma levels of total sulfate-conjugated delta 4-3-keto-C-21 steroids (F kappa S + E kappa S + 20(alpha+beta)-dihydrocortisol-21-sulfates) were 30-40% higher than those of the levels of cortisol-21-sulfate alone (separated by thin-layer chromatography). In the adrenal vein plasma, levels of delta 4-3-keto-C-21-steroid-21-yl sulfates were 20 to 40 times higher than levels of these steroids in the peripheral blood. The bulk of the steroid sulfate measured in the adrenal vein plasma consisted of cortisol-21-sulfate. The ratio of F kappa/F kappa S in the adrenal vein plasma was markedly smaller than in the peripheral vein plasma; it was 6.9-12.3 in males and 4.9-6.7 in females, whereas in the peripheral vein of the same subjects it was 19.2-43.7 in males and 21.4-48.3 in females. Cortisol-21-sulfate isolated from adrenal vein plasma was identified by mass spectrometry. The data presented provide evidence for the secretion of this conjugate by the adrenal cortex. Its secretion appears to be markedly elevated in patients with Cushing's syndrome, both due to hyperplasia and due to adrenal adenoma, as compared with normal subjects and patients with primary aldosteronism, both males and females. However, the F kappa/F kappa S ratio was markedly lower in Cushing's patients due to adrenal adenoma than due to adrenal hyperplasia, this suggesting that ACTH is stimulating intra-adrenal hydrolysis of cortisol sulfate.
Steroids 1995 Dec
PMID:Corticosteroids in human blood: IX. Evidence for adrenal secretion of sulfate-conjugated cortisol, 11 beta,17 alpha-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione-21-yl-sulfate. 865 Jul 5

To evaluate the effect of a progestinic-estrogenic combination on human adrenal function 2 different ratios were given, 1 pill a day for 20 consecutive days from Day 5 to Day 24 of the ovarian cycle. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, 5 mg, with ethinyl estradiol, 50 mcg, (MAP-5-EE-50) and medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2 mg, with ethinylestradiol, 75 mcg (MAP-2-EE-75) were given to 8 women. Adrenal function was determined before, during, and after therapy and urinary 17-ketosteroids (17-KA), 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS), pregnanediol and pregnanetriol were measured. To stimulate the adrenals iv infusion of .25 mg synthetic ACTH was administered over a period of 6 hours. Stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis was done by giving 4.5 gm metopirone in 6 doses in 1 day. In all subjects a definite increase of plasma corticoids was found after 20 days of therapy. In 6 of the 8 cases a definite decrease of urinary 17-OHCS was observed. Pregnanetriol excretion decreased in all cases. Pregnanediol excretion, as determined in the urine throughout the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, was decreased by both dosages, indicating a blockage of ovulation. Urinary excretion of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone was decreased in all 5 cases studied. To investigate possible change in cortisol metabolism the percentage of free and conjugated 17-OHCS was determined in 4 cases. Values were unchanged. Half-life of injected cortisol was increased and secretion rate of endogenous cortisol reduced. Added tritiated cortisol in vitro has shown a higher cortisol binding capacity of human plasma after progestinic-estrogenic therapy. Administration of ACTH in 3 cases showed an adrenal response equal to that obtained before treatment, indicating adrenal reserve had been maintained. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, as determined with metropione, showed a decrease of urinary adrenal metabolites in all cases. Results show that the 2 doses given block ovulation and that progesterone is not produced by a corpus luteum. The progestinic-estrogenic therapy, in both doses, modified the metabolism of cortisol in the same way as estrogens alone do.
Res Steroids (Amst) 1966
PMID:Effect of a progestinic-estrogenic combination on human adrenal function. 1230 25


1 2 Next >>