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Query: UMLS:C0338671 (Steroids)
 9,479 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study is the first to report the effect of conjugated equine estrogens on the acitivity of cholesteryl ester synthetase and cholesteryl ester hydrolases in the aorta. In spontaneously atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau pigeons, estrogens significantly decreased (P less 0.01) the activity of cholesteryl ester synthetase and increased (P less than 0.01) the cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity in the microsomal fraction of the aorta. There was no effect on the cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity in the supernatant fraction. The inhibition of cholesteryl ester synthesis and the stimulation of cholesteryl ester hydrolase might be responsible for the decreased content of cholesteryl esters noted in pigeon aorta after estrogen treatment.
Steroids 1977 Aug
PMID:Effect of estrogens on the acitivities of cholesteryl ester synthetase and cholesteryl ester hydrolases in pigeon aorta. 20 Oct 55

This study for the first time has simultaneously assayed three cholesteryl ester hydrolase activities located in the various subcellular fractions (lysosomal, microsomal, and soluble) of the aorta and their significance in aortic cholesteryl ester accumulation during genetic and cholesterol-fed atherosclerosis is assessed. When the enzyme activities in the aorta of age-matched atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau and atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons were compared, a decrease in microsomal cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity was found during the period of cholesteryl ester accumulation. However, under cholesterol-fed conditions (which further increase cholesteryl ester accumulation), an increase in lysosomal cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity and a decrease in soluble cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity was found. These studies have documented differences in response in specific cholesteryl ester hydrosases of the aorta to genetic and cholesterol-fed atherogenesis and warrant further studies to investigate the effect of hormonal and dietary factors on the activities of these enzymes.
Steroids 1979 Mar
PMID:Significance of various cholesterol, ester hydrolases in aorta. 44 26

A male to female ration of coronary disease of 2:1 has been a consistent finding. This differential persists event when the classic risk factors for coronary disease--hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia--are controlled for gender. The most likely ultimate cause of this phenomenon is male-female differences in sex hormone patterns. Clinical studies in this area have either compared the sex hormone profiles of men and women with and without coronary disease or computed the relative prevalence of disease in populations that differ in their sex hormone patterns. In general, research findings have disputed the hypothesis that persons with coronary disease have low levels of a protective factor such as estrogen or progesterone and high levels of testosterone. Coronary disease patients actually have elevated estrogen levels and low testosterone levels; endogenous progesterone levels are normal before infarction but show a stress-mediated increase in the immediate postinfarction period. Findings of a low prevalence of coronary disease in premenopausal women, a loss of protection after menopause, and a low prevalence of coronary disease in men with cirrhosis-related hyperestrogenemia suggest that natural estrogens are antiatherogenic. The protective effect of pregnancy against myocardial infarction, despite concomitant potentially thrombogenic levels of estrogen at the time, seems to indicate that progesterone, whose levels are also extremely high during pregnancy, plays a major anti-infarction protective effect distinct from that of estrogen. Studies of women oral contraceptive (OC) users and men taking estrogens for brief periods have found that these exogenous hormones produce coronary thrombosis but not atherosclerosis. Finally, the finding of increased coronary disease risk in long-term OC users indicates that synthetic estrogens favor coronary atherosclerosis by suppressing natural estrogen and progesterone production.
Steroids 1990 Aug
PMID:Sex hormones and coronary disease: a review of the clinical studies. 223 42

Anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse has recently been linked with acute vascular events in athletes. To date, the relationship between steroid abuse and the potential for cardiovascular disease has been considered almost exclusively in terms of lipid metabolism. However, recent reports of thrombosis in androgen abusing athletes with no evidence of atherosclerosis suggests the hypothesis that thrombosis risk in such athletes could be mediated through androgen induced abnormalities of coagulation. To determine if anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse in weight lifters is associated with an activation of the hemostatic system we studied forty-nine weight lifters recruited through advertisements. History of androgen use or abstinence was confirmed via urine assays. Plasma was assayed for clotting and fibrinolytic activity by measuring thrombin/antithrombin complexes (TAT), prothrombin fragment 1 + 1 (F1 + 2), and D-dimers (D-di); markers of the endothelial based fibrinolytic components were assayed by measuring tissue plasminogen activator antigen (t-PA Ag) and its inhibitor (PAI-1); finally, the activity of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S were measured. Abnormally high concentrations of TAT complexes were noted in 16% of our confirmed steroid using weight lifters compared to 6% of our confirmed nonusers (P = .01). Steroid users also demonstrated abnormally high concentrations of F1 + 2 and D-dimers when compared to nonusers (44 vs. 24%, P < .001, and 9 vs. 0%, respectively). Non-steroid users were more likely to have elevated levels of t-PA Ag and PAI-1 than our steroid using weight lifters (both P < .001). The activities of antithrombin III and protein S were more likely to be higher in users compared to nonusers (22 vs. 6%, P = .005; 19 vs. 0%, respectively). Some anabolic-androgenic steroid using weight lifters have an accelerated activation of their hemostatic system as evidence by increased generation of both thrombin and plasmin. These changes could reflect a thrombotic diatheses that may contribute to vascular occlusion reported in young athletes using these drugs. The predictive value of these coagulation abnormalities in terms of risk of thrombosis to individual steroid using weight lifters or the population as a whole remains to be studied.
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PMID:Anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse in weight lifters: evidence for activation of the hemostatic system. 763 72

From 1986 to February 1993, 40 children aged 2 months to 18 years (average age 10.4 +/- 5.8 years) underwent heart transplantation. Indications for transplantation were idiopathic cardiomyopathy (52%), congenital heart disease (35%) with and without prior repair (71% and 29%, respectively), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (5%), valvular heart disease (3%), and doxorubicin cardiomyopathy (5%). Patients were managed with cyclosporine and azathioprine. No prophylaxis with antilymphocyte globulin was used. Steroids were given to 39% of patients for refractory rejection, but weaning was always attempted and generally successful (64%). Five patients (14%) received maintenance steroids. Four patients died in the perioperative period and one died 4 months later. There have been no deaths related to rejection or infection. Average follow-up was 36 +/- 19 months (range 1 to 65 months). Cumulative survival is 88% at 5 years. In patients less than 7 years of age, rejection was monitored noninvasively. In the first postoperative month, 89% of patients were treated for rejection. Freedom from serious infections was 83% at 1 month and 65% at 1 year. Cytomegalovirus infections were treated successfully with ganciclovir in 11 patients. No impairment of growth was observed in children who underwent transplantation compared with a control population. Twenty-one patients (60%) have undergone annual catheterizations and no sign of graft atherosclerosis has been observed. Seizures occurred in five patients (14%) and hypertension was treated in 10 patients (28%). No patient was disabled and no lymphoproliferative disorder was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Pediatric heart transplantation without chronic maintenance steroids. 831 43

Steroids diffuse through polysiloxone at a constant rate, and steroids placed in the vagina rapidly pass through the vaginal epithelium into the circulation. Combining these principles led to the development of contraceptive vaginal rings (CVR) consisting of various progestins, with and without oestrogen, placed in flexible polysiloxone, doughnut-shaped devices. As occurs with oral contraceptives, the CVRs containing progestin plus oestrogen are left in the vagina for 3 weeks and removed for 1 week to allow withdrawal bleeding, while CVRs releasing a small dose of progestins without oestrogen are left in the vagina continuously for several months. Large-scale, clinical trials were performed with a low dose levonorgestrel-releasing-only CVR by the WHO. At 1 year, continuation rates were about 50 per 100 women with 17.2 per 100 discontinuing for menstrual problems and 4.5 for pregnancy. Two sizes of a CVR containing levonorgestrel and oestradiol were studied in a multinational trial organized by the Population Council. At the end of 1 year, about half the women were continuing with the method, one-quarter had discontinued because of bleeding problems, and pregnancy rates were between 1 and 2 per 100 women. The CVR was well accepted by women and their partners, but because of lowered HDL-cholesterol levels and accelerated atherosclerosis in female monkeys, further development of this formulation was discontinued. Recently, phase II clinical trials with CVRs containing combinations of NET-acetate plus ethinyloestradiol and 3-ketodesogestrel plus ethinyloestradiol have been undertaken. These CVRs provide good bleeding control, inhibit ovulation consistently and do not have an adverse effect on serum lipids. Phase III trials with these two types of CVRs will be initiated shortly.
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PMID:Vaginal contraceptive rings. 848 60

This paper describes an operationally simple, rapid hydrogenation of unsaturated sterols and bile alcohols in a domestic microwave oven. This has been achieved by the addition of catalytic amounts of Pd/C in methylene chloride/propylene glycol solvents in the presence of ammonium formate followed by microwave irradiation. It is suggested that this methodology will be helpful in the identification of saturated and unsaturated sterols with different side-chain structures in rare diseases: sitosterolemia, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), as well as atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Sterols, such as cholesterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and bile alcohols with unsaturated side chains, were converted to their reduced congeners with high yield and purity.
Steroids 1997 May
PMID:Rapid hydrogenation of unsaturated sterols and bile alcohols using microwaves. 917 33

Estrogen treatment affects the hepatic synthesis and/or secretion of several proteins involved in clinically important pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and thrombosis. The endocrine regulation of the estrogen receptor (ER) concentration in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes was studied. Human growth hormone (hGH) and dexamethasone (DEX) in combination increased ER concentration 6-fold and ER mRNA levels 2.5-fold. These effects were not significantly different from those observed after treatment with the purely somatogenic bovine growth hormone (GH) in combination with DEX. Treatment with the lactogen ovine prolactin in the presence or absence of DEX did not significantly affect ER or ER mRNA concentrations. Triiodothyronine treatment at the most effective concentration (50 nM) increased ER and ER mRNA levels twofold. Medium supplementation with estradiol (0.1 nM) throughout the experiment did not affect the response to treatment with hGH and DEX. Treatment with high concentrations of ethinylestradiol in combination with hGH and DEX, however, increased the ER level twice as much as hGH and DEX without addition of estradiol or ethinylestradiol, whereas the ER mRNA concentration was the same in both the GH+DEX group and GH+ DEX+ (estradiol or ethinylestradiol) groups. These data indicate the importance of GH in combination with glucocorticoids for the maintenance of ER concentrations in the rat liver. Thyroid hormones may be of some, although minor importance, whereas the data suggest that prolactin is not directly involved in hepatic ER regulation.
Steroids 1997 Oct
PMID:Hormonal regulation of the estrogen receptor in primary cultures of hepatocytes from female rats. 938 11

Neutrophil granulocytes play an important role in atherogenesis also through their free radical generation. According to recent studies, a point of action by which estrogens can provide protection against atherosclerosis is their inhibiting effect on superoxide anion production. The aim of our study was to test whether this means a common effect of steroids on superoxide production, or whether various steroid hormones have different action on superoxide generation of human granulocytes. Neutrophils were separated from the blood samples of twelve healthy volunteers. Isolated cells were incubated with different concentrations (10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7) M) of hydrocortisone, aldosterone, cortexolone, 17-beta-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. Superoxide anion production was determined by photometry using the reduction of ferricytochrome-C. Compared to that of control cells neutrophils incubated with 17-beta-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and hydrocortisone showed significantly reduced superoxide production. No significant alteration of superoxide anion production was found after the incubation of cells with aldosterone and cortexolone. It is concluded that similarly to estradiol other sex steroids and cortisol can inhibit the free radical production of human granulocytes, but mineralocorticoid aldosterone and Reichstein's substance S do not show such activity. Our results provide new evidence supporting the theory that certain types of steroid hormones have antioxidant capacity. This may give further reasons for investigating the molecular background of the existence or absence of this property and thus might lead to the development of new free radical scavengers.
Steroids 2000 Dec
PMID:In vitro effects of different steroid hormones on superoxide anion production of human neutrophil granulocytes. 1107 87

Several risks are attributed to progestins as a class-effect; however, the progestins used in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have varying pharmacologic properties and do not induce the same side effects. Natural progesterone (P) and some of its derivatives, such as the 19-norprogesterones, do not exert any androgenic effect and, hence, have no negative effect on the lipids. On the other hand, the 19-nortestosterone derivatives and even some 17-hydroxyprogesterones have a partial androgenic effect, which may explain some of the negative effects observed on surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk. The relevance of the lipid changes induced by sex steroids has been questioned, and studies in the female cynomolgous monkey have not shown a direct relationship to atherosclerosis. Results suggest that estrogens (E) have antiatherogenic effects and that P does not reverse the beneficial effect of estradiol. Also, sex hormones modulate the vasomotor response of the main arteries. E preserves the normal endothelium-mediated dilation of coronary arteries, and P does not reverse this potential cardioprotective mechanism. In the same animal model, the addition of cyclic or continuous medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to E inhibited vasodilatation by 50%, while nomegestrol acetate did not diminish the E-induced vasodilatation. Not all progestins act similarly on vasomotion or affect cardiovascular risk factors in the same way. Progestins, such as MPA or norethisterone acetate (NETA), exert a partial detrimental effect on the beneficial actions of estrogens with regard to lipid changes, atheroma development, or vasomotion. In contrast, progesterone itself does not have this inhibitory effect on lipid changes and vascular reactivity in animal models or on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in humans. Nonandrogenic molecules of P itself and of derivatives, such as 19-norprogesterones, would appear neutral on the vessels. Several ongoing randomized controlled trials of HRT are focusing on primary or secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Unfortunately, most of these large trials have selected the same HRT regimen for their study design. Further studies with other treatment regimens are thus needed and should consider the various steroids used in different countries.
Steroids
PMID:Progestins and cardiovascular risk markers. 1110 72


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