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Query: UMLS:C0314719 (dry eye)
 2,625 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Purinergic neurotransmission was proposed in 1972 following identification of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as the transmitter in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory nerves in guinea-pig taenia coli. Subsequently ATP was identified as a co-transmitter in sympathetic, parasympathetic and most nerves in the peripheral and central nervous systems. ATP acts as a short-term signalling molecule in neurotransmission, neuromodulation and secretion and has long-term (trophic) roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and death in development and regeneration. Three subclasses of purine and pyrimidine receptors have been identified, P1 adenosine receptors (4 subtypes), P2X ionotropic nucleotide receptors (7 subtypes) and P2Y metabotropic receptors (8 subtypes). ATP is released physiologically by many cell types by mechanical deformation and, after release, ATP undergoes ectonucleotidase degradation. Purinergic receptors appeared early in evolution and have a widespread distribution on many non-neuronal cells and neurons. Purinergic signalling is involved in embryonic and stem cell development. There is a rapidly growing literature about the pathophysiology of purinergic signalling including therapeutic developments for diseases, including stroke, thrombosis, osteoporosis, kidney failure, bladder incontinence, cystic fibrosis, dry eye, cancer and brain disorders.
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PMID:Introductory overview of purinergic signalling. 2162 1

Purinergic signaling was proposed in 1972, after it was demonstrated that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was a transmitter in nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory nerves supplying the guinea-pig taenia coli. Later, ATP was identified as an excitatory cotransmitter in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and it is now apparent that ATP acts as a cotransmitter in most, if not all, nerves in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system (CNS). ATP acts as a short-term signaling molecule in neurotransmission, neuromodulation, and neurosecretion. It also has potent, long-term (trophic) roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and death in development and regeneration. Receptors to purines and pyrimidines have been cloned and characterized: P1 adenosine receptors (with four subtypes), P2X ionotropic nucleotide receptors (seven subtypes) and P2Y metabotropic nucleotide receptors (eight subtypes). ATP is released from different cell types by mechanical deformation, and after release, it is rapidly broken down by ectonucleotidases. Purinergic receptors were expressed early in evolution and are widely distributed on many different nonneuronal cell types as well as neurons. Purinergic signaling is involved in embryonic development and in the activities of stem cells. There is a growing understanding about the pathophysiology of purinergic signaling and there are therapeutic developments for a variety of diseases, including stroke and thrombosis, osteoporosis, pain, chronic cough, kidney failure, bladder incontinence, cystic fibrosis, dry eye, cancer, and disorders of the CNS, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's. and Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, and neuropsychiatric and mood disorders.
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PMID:Introduction to Purinergic Signaling. 3164 77