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Query: UMLS:C0314719 (dry eye)
 2,625 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors presents the review of the literature concerning on the signs, classification, connections between the dry eye syndrome and other diseases and the risk factors of dry eye syndrome. It is a prevalent, multifactorial disease that is particularly frequent in elderly patients and women, especially in menopausal and postmenopausal period. Dry eye syndrome can be episodic with transient signs and symptoms or chronic with persistent signs and symptoms and is characterized by one or more of the following symptoms: burning, itching, foreign body sensation, soreness, dryness, photophobia, redness, and reduced visual acuity. The tear film instability of dry eye syndrome, which is accompanied by increased osmolarity of the tear film, causes inflammation and structural damage to the ocular surface. There are two major etiologic categories of dry eye syndrom: aqueous-deficient and evaporative. The most frequent classification of dry eye for practical clinical use is triple classification based on the ethiology, histopathological changes and severity of the disease.
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PMID:[Dry eye syndrome--multispecialistic disease. Part one: Pathogenesis, signs, classification]. 2161 52

Dry eye syndrome is a prevalent disease that affects visual acuity, activities of daily living, and quality of life. A number of contributory factors affect the severity of dry eye syndrome, including autoimmune disease, environmental surroundings, contact lens use, hormonal changes, anatomical features, chronic inflammation, infections, and iatrogenic factors, such as medications or surgery. Symptoms may include intermittent or constant blurry vision, discomfort, burning, foreign body sensation, hyperemia, dryness, and photophobia. The severity of dry eye syndrome can range from very mild disease to extremely severe cases with vision-threatening consequences. A variety of dry eye treatment modalities exist to address the different causes, symptoms, and consequences of ocular surface disease, including artificial tears, lubricating gels, ophthalmic inserts, anti-inflammatory drops, and surgical procedures. In this paper, an assortment of literature pertaining to the treatment of dry eye syndrome, in particular hydroxypropyl cellulose ophthalmic inserts, is reviewed. These inserts can be used effectively as monotherapy, or in conjunction with other therapies, and should be considered in the treatment of dry eye syndrome.
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PMID:Review of hydroxypropyl cellulose ophthalmic inserts for treatment of dry eye. 2165 86

We describe the incidence, clinical features, and final outcome of dry eye disease (DED) associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) over a 5-year period. We reviewed 109 clinical charts from patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) between January 2000 and December 2005, abstracting data from the 57 patients who developed chronic GVHD and survived at least 180 days after allogenic HSCT. DED occurred in 22 (40%) patients at an average of 16.5 months after HSCT. Photophobia, irritation, and foreign body sensation were the most frequent symptoms, while punctate keratitis was the most common sign. DED tended to improve over time, with fewer than 5% of patients requiring more than two topical medications at the end of follow-up. Our study represented a formal evaluation of DED incidence among Spanish chronic GVHD patients. It is of utmost importance to assure patients will undergo a comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluation throughout their follow-up.
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PMID:Dry eye disease in chronic graft-versus-host disease: results from a Spanish retrospective cohort study. 2169 3

The accumulating evidences from experimental and clinical studies suggested that the ocular surface could be injured by topical anti-glaucoma medications. The ocular surface injury not only caused dry eyes, red eye, eye itching, photophobia and other discomforts, but also increased the risk of failure of glaucoma surgery in patients. The commonly used preservative Benzalkonium Chloride (BAK) plays an important role in ocular surface damage and its side effects are dose- and time-dependent, particularly, in the combined medications. Topical application of preservative BAK could result in the damage of epithelial cells and endothelial cells, and also affect the central corneal thickness. Prevention of ocular injury should be seriously taken into consideration in the anti-glaucoma medical treatment. Development of complex preparations, preservative-free and/or novel preservative preparations for glaucoma therapy may provide a promising approach in the prevention of ocular surface injury.
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PMID:[Ocular surface injury resulted from topical anti-glaucoma medications: prevention and cure]. 2294 13

The cornea has been a focus of animal electrophysiological research for decades, but little is known regarding its cortical representation in the human brain. This study attempts to localize the somatotopic representation of the cornea to painful stimuli in human primary somatosensory cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this case study, a subject was imaged at 3T while bright light was presented in a block-design, which either produced pain and blinking (during photophobia) or blinking alone (after recovery from photophobia). Pain and blinking produced precisely localized activations in primary somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex. These results indicate that noxious stimulation of the cornea can produce somatotopic activation in primary somatosensory cortex. This finding opens future avenues of research to evaluate the relationship between corneal pain and central brain mechanisms relating to the development of chronic pain conditions, such as dry eye-like symptoms.
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PMID:An approach to localizing corneal pain representation in human primary somatosensory cortex. 2297 63

Tears-which contain fibronectin, growth facors, and vitamins that support the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium-nourish, protect, and refresh the eye. An inadequate tear film produces a variety of symptoms (ocular irritation, itching, burning, eye strain or fatigue, photophobia, a foreign-body sensation, a sharp stabbing pain, blurred vision) that wax and wane in intensity and are characteristic of disorders such as dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and neurotrophic keratitis. In patients for whom commercially manufactured eye drops fail to provide relief from the symptoms of those conditions, autologous serum eye drops (plasma eye drops, serum eye drops) have proven very effective. In this report, we examine the present case studies that reveal the efects of autologous serum eye drops on the signs and symptoms of both dry eye and neurotrophic keratitis. A procedure for preparing autologous eye drops is included.
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PMID:Autologous eye drops for the treatment of dry eye and neurotrophic keratitis. 2396 23

Ocular graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common complication that occurs after allogeneic transplantation. It can cause severe dry eyes that are described as having a burning, gritty, and painful sensation. Ocular GVHD can affect quality of life by causing pain and photophobia, limiting activities of daily living (e.g., reading, watching television), compromising safety while driving, and permanently damaging vision. Pre- and post-transplantation evaluations by an ophthalmologist are recommended. Routine assessments using the National Institutes of Health eye score should be administered to patients at each follow-up visit to their transplantation physician. Treatment options include lubricating eye drops, immunomodulator and steroid drops, and punctal occlusion. Relieving symptoms is difficult, and although multiple treatment options exist, many are ineffective. The Boston Foundation for Sight's scleral lens is an available option that promotes corneal healing and symptom relief. The current article discusses treatment options and supportive care measures for patients with ocular GVHD aimed at relieving symptoms and preventing complications.
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PMID:Ocular graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic transplantation. 2430 82

Ocular Surface Disease (OSD) is prevalent among medically treated patients with glaucoma. This is basically related to three key-points: OSD and glaucoma are both prevalent in elderly and are common comorbidities in the same patient; the role of the active ingredient of the medical antiglaucomatous therapy; the role of the preservative agent of this medical therapy. Considering the actual state of literature we can state that the active glaucoma agent have a role in OSD, but the main cause seems to be the preservative agent, in particular referring to benzalkonium chloride, BAK. In the clinical evaluation of dry eye patients there is no actually established gold standard. Since the ocular surface injury not only causes dry eye, red eye, eye itching, photophobia and other discomforts, but also increases the risk of failure of glaucoma surgery in patients, it becomes fundamental a complete and good clinical evaluation of OSD (considering Schirmer's test, tear breakup time, corneal and conjunctival staining) together with a good evaluation of patients' quality of life (with validated questionnaires). Development of complex preparations, preservative-free and/or novel preservative preparations for glaucoma therapy could provide a promising approach in the prevention of ocular surface injuries.
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PMID:Ocular surface alterations and topical antiglaucomatous therapy: a review. 2531 18

A corneal ulcer caused by infection is one of the major causes of blindness worldwide. One of the recent health concerns is the increasing incidence of corneal ulcers associated with contact lens user especially if the users fail to follow specific instruction in using their contact lenses. Risk factors associated with increased risk of contact lens related corneal ulcers are: overnight wear, long duration of continuous wear, lower socio-economic classes, smoking, dry eye and poor hygiene. The presenting symptoms of contact lens related corneal ulcers include eye discomfort, foreign body sensation and lacrimation. More serious symptoms are redness (especially circum-corneal injection), severe pain, photophobia, eye discharge and blurring of vision. The diagnosis is established by a thorough slit lamp microscopic examination with fluorescein staining and corneal scraping for Gram stain and culture of the infective organism. Delay in diagnosing and treatment can cause permanent blindness, therefore an early referral to ophthalmologist and commencing of antimicrobial therapy can prevent visual loss.
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PMID:Contact lens related corneal ulcer. 2560 78

Animal models of corneal surface damage reliably exhibit altered tear quality and quantity, apoptosis, nerve degeneration, immune responses and many other symptoms of dry eye disease. An important clinical symptom of dry eye disease is photoallodynia (photophobia), which can be modeled in mice using behavioral light aversion as a surrogate. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) function as irradiance detectors. They have been shown to mediate innate light aversion and are ideal candidates to initiate or modulate light aversion in disease or dysfunctional states. This study addresses the relationship between light aversion, corneal mechanical sensitivity and corneal surface damage in a preclinical mouse model using bilateral topical application of benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Corneal application of BAC resulted in similar levels of corneal surface damage by fluorescein staining in both wild type mice and mice lacking ipRGCs. Light aversion was an early symptom of corneal surface damage, was proportional to the level of corneal damage and dependent on melanopsin-expressing cells. A decrease in both corneal mechanosensitivity and light aversion was observed in mice lacking melanopsin-expressing cells, suggesting a connection in the neural circuits mediating the two most common symptoms of corneal surface damage.
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PMID:Light aversion and corneal mechanical sensitivity are altered by intrinscally photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in a mouse model of corneal surface damage. 2607 Sep 85


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