Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0314719 (dry eye)
 2,625 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To provide an extensive literature review on the clinical indications of oral mucosa grafts (OMG) and minor salivary gland grafts (MSGG) in periorbital reconstruction together with safe practice graft harvesting techniques to minimize donor-site morbidity. A literature review was performed by searching the databases of PUBMED, EMBASE, and COCHRANE library using the keywords: minor salivary glands; oral mucosal graft; orbit; and eye. The bibliographies of the pertinent articles were examined for additional papers. Indications for OMG include treatment of recurrent pterygia; socket contracture in anophthalmic patients; repair of eyelid deformities; ocular surface and fornix reconstruction following tumour resection, cicatricial ocular surface disorders, or chemical burns. More novel uses include repair of glaucoma aqueous drainage device erosions or leaking trabeculectomy blebs; scleral buckle exposure; and keratoprosthesis-related corneal melts as well as lining the dacryocystorhinostomy tract to prevent closure. Simultaneous MSGG transplantation may be used in the treatment of severe dry eyes or dry anophthalmic cavities. Harvesting from the inner cheek is preferred to lower lip as it causes less post-operative discomfort and neurosensory deficits. Suturing is recommended for smaller ovoid grafts as it allows less painful closure without tension, while larger rectangular defects are best left to heal by secondary intention. OMG and MSGG transplantation is a viable alternative to replace conjunctiva and restore the ocular surface. The donor site is readily accessible and widely available in most patients, grafting is fast and cheap, and the same site may undergo repeated harvesting with few donor site complications.
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PMID:Oral mucosa grafting in periorbital reconstruction. 2940 95

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides non-contact, rapid in vivo imaging of ocular structures, and has become a key part of evaluating the anterior segment of the eye. Over the years, improvements to technology have increased the speed of capture and resolution of images, leading to the increasing impact of anterior segment OCT imaging on clinical practice. In this review, we summarize the historical development of anterior segment OCT, and provide an update on the research and clinical applications of imaging the ocular surface, cornea, anterior chamber structures, aqueous outflow system, and most recently anterior segment vessels. We also describe advancements in anterior segment OCT technology that have improved understanding with greater detail, such as tear film in dry eye disease evaluation, intra-operative real-time imaging for anterior segment surgery, and aqueous outflow with angle assessment for glaucoma. Improvements to image processing and software have also improved the ease and utility of interpreting anterior segment OCT images in everyday clinical practice. Future developments include refinement of assessing vascular networks for the anterior segment, in vivo ultra-high resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography with histology-like detail, en-face image with 3-dimensional reconstruction as well as functional extensions of the technique.
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PMID:Anterior segment optical coherence tomography. 2963 68

Ocular findings of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B) include prominent corneal nerves, mucosal neuromas of the conjunctiva, glaucoma, and dry eyes. A 15-year-old girl with MEN 2B presents with advanced secondary open-angle glaucoma and bilateral perilimbal masses. High-resolution optical coherence tomography (HR-OCT) of the perilimbal lesions showed normal epithelial thickness and subepithelial lobular areas of mixed reflectivity, which correlates well with histopathologic findings of benign mucosal neuromas. The patient underwent bilateral gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in both eyes, which achieved adequate intraocular pressure control at short-term follow-up. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report correlating HR-OCT and histopathologic findings in benign mucosal neuroma associated with MEN 2B, and the first description of secondary open-angle glaucoma associated with MEN 2B treated with GATT.
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PMID:Pediatric Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B: Clinicopathological Correlation of Perilimbal Mucosal Neuromas and Treatment of Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma. 2976 55

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are known to have numerous beneficial effects, owing to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. From a metabolic standpoint, the mitochondria play a fundamental role in cellular homeostasis, and oxidative stress can affect their functioning. Indeed, the mitochondria are the main source of ROS, and an imbalance between ROS and antioxidant defenses leads to oxidative stress. In addition, aging, the decline of cellular functions, and continual exposure to light underlie many diseases, particularly those of the eye. Long-term exposure to insults, such as UV light, visible light, ionizing radiation, chemotherapeutics, and environmental toxins, contribute to oxidative damage in ocular tissues and expose the aging eye to considerable risk of pathological consequences of oxidative stress. Ample antioxidant defenses responsible for scavenging free radicals are essential for redox homeostasis in the eye, indeed, eye tissues, starting from the tear film, which normally are exposed to high oxygen levels, have strong antioxidant defenses that are efficient for protecting against ROS-related injuries. On the contrary, instead, the trabecular meshwork is not directly exposed to light and its endothelial cells are poorly equipped with antioxidant defenses. All this makes the eye a target organ of oxidative damage. This review focuses on the role of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the human eye, particularly in such pathologies as dry eye, glaucoma, and macular degeneration, in which dietary PUFA supplementation can be a valid therapeutic aid.
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PMID:The Eye, Oxidative Damage and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. 2979 4

The multifunctional protein clusterin (CLU) is a secreted glycoprotein ubiquitously expressed throughout the body, including in the eye. Its primary function is to act as an extracellular molecular chaperone, preventing the precipitation and aggregation of misfolded extracellular proteins. Clusterin is commonly identified at fluid-tissue interfaces, and has been identified in most body fluids. It is a component of exfoliation material, and CLU mRNA is reduced in eyes with exfoliation syndrome compared with controls. SNPs located in the CLU genomic region have been associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) at the genome-wide level and several CLU SNPs located in an apparent regulatory region have been nominally associated with XFS/XFG in Caucasians with European ancestry and in south Indians. Interestingly, clusterin associates with altered elastic fibers in human photoaged skin and prevents UV-induced elastin aggregation in vitro. In light of the known geographic risk factors for XFS/XFG, which could include UV light, investigations of CLU-geographic interactions could be of interest. Future studies investigating rare CLU variation and other complex interactions including gene-gene interactions in XFS/XFG cases and controls may also be fruitful. Although CLU has been considered as a therapeutic target in AD, cancer and dry eye, a role for clusterin in XFS/XFG needs to be better defined before therapeutic approaches involving CLU can be entertained.
J Glaucoma 2018 07
PMID:A Role for Clusterin in Exfoliation Syndrome and Exfoliation Glaucoma? 2996

More than 90% of ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and dry eye, are age-related with the incidence increasing with age. Furthermore, although retinitis pigmentosa and myopia may be associated with hereditary factors, they are also considered age-related diseases since they progress with aging. Thus, instead of targeting individual diseases, a new approach aimed at targeting aging itself is
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PMID:Anti-Aging Approach for Ocular Disorders: from Dry Eye to Retinitis Pigmentosa and Myopia. 3008 7

The Tear Film (TF) is a trilaminar and dynamic fluid covering the entire Ocular Surface (OS), consisting of a mucus, aqueous, and lipid layer deeply interacting between them. Because of its structure and functions, TF plays a pivotal role in the preservation of the OS integrity and the quality of vision. Medical therapy for glaucoma is recognized to profoundly disturb the OS homeostasis by altering all components of the ocular surface unit, including TF. The presence of preservatives, the number of daily eye drops instillations, and the duration of therapy are the main contributors to TF changes. From the physio-pathological side, TF alterations are induced by toxic and allergic mechanisms and result from goblet cell and Meibomian gland loss, dysfunction of accessory lacrimal glands, and epithelial disruption. In detail, TF changes are represented by mucus layer thinning, reduced mucin concentration, aqueous layer volume reduction, and lipid layer thinning with increased tear evaporation. Hyper- osmolarity and instability represent the main hallmarks of these changes and are an expression of a iatrogenic form of dry eye. TF undergoes also molecular modifications that primarily reflect a therapy- or disease-induced inflammatory status of the OS. Over the last years, this field of research aimed a progressively growing interest since molecular variations may be considered as potential candidate biomarkers of glaucoma. The aim of this review is to report the main TF changes occurring during glaucoma, exploring the relationship they may have with the glaucoma-related ocular surface disease and the patient quality of life, and their utility as potential biomarkers of disease.
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PMID:Structural and Molecular Tear Film Changes in Glaucoma. 3030 54

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial condition involving multiple genetic, environmental and constitutional factors. Inflammation, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism seem to be the most important factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. The importance of genetic factors has mainly been revealed with the influence of histocompatibility complement factor H (CFH) variations and the ARSM2 susceptibility gene. Another component, epigenetics, could help to explain some of the relationships between environmental and genetic factors. Epigenetics is defined as the study of modulations of gene activity that can be transmitted over cell divisions without involving mutation of the DNA sequence. The molecules that are involved in these mechanisms are referred to as the epigenome. The mechanisms involve DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and gene inhibition by non-coding RNA. Epigenetics could explain how the environment may induce relatively stable changes in traits or even diseases, possibly inheritable over several generations. Epigenetic traits established during development, and/or acquired under the influence of nutritional factors or other environmental factors, could influence the interactions between genes and the environment. Several authors have recently shown the influence of epigenetic factors in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases such as cataract, dry eye, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and more recently AMD. A better understanding of the involvement of genetic variants at risk, their relationship with epigenetics and environmental factors would certainly help to better assess the risk of developing AMD or better understand recent changes in the incidence of the disease.
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PMID:[Epigenetics in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) - French translation of the article]. 3045 59

Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial condition involving multiple genetic, environmental and constitutional factors. Inflammation, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism seem to be the most important factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. The importance of genetic factors has mainly been revealed with the influence of histocompatibility complement factor H (CFH) variations and the ARSM2 susceptibility gene. Another component, epigenetics, could help to explain some of the relationships between environmental and genetic factors. Epigenetics is defined as the study of modulations of gene activity that can be transmitted over cell divisions without involving mutation of the DNA sequence. The molecules that are involved in these mechanisms are referred to as the epigenome. The mechanisms involve DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and gene inhibition by non-coding RNA. Epigenetics could explain how the environment may induce relatively stable changes in traits or even diseases, possibly inheritable over several generations. Epigenetic traits established during development, and/or acquired under the influence of nutritional factors or other environmental factors, could influence the interactions between genes and the environment. Several authors have recently shown the influence of epigenetic factors in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases such as cataract, dry eye, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and more recently AMD. A better understanding of the involvement of genetic variants at risk, their relationship with epigenetics and environmental factors would certainly help to better assess the risk of developing AMD or better understand recent changes in the incidence of the disease.
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PMID:Epigenetics in Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). 3045 25

Dry eye (DE) causes irregularity of the ocular surface and reduces the quality of vision. An intact, regular tear film is essential for high-quality retinal images; however, visual tasks requiring sustained gazing can disrupt the tear film, eventually degrading visual function. A functional visual acuity (FVA) measurement system has been uniquely developed in Japan to evaluate visual function related to tear stability in patients with DE. FVA has been shown to correlate with optical quality. The system measures the change in visual acuity (VA) over time automatically in aqueous-deficient DE and short tear breakup tear film DE characterized by decreased tear stability and minimal epithelial damage. It is also useful to detect minimal visual deterioration correlated with minimal ocular surface abnormality and vision-related quality of life otherwise undetectable by conventional VA testing, to assess and quantify vision-related symptomatology, and to determine the efficacy of treatments for DE disease. Recently, its use has been expanded, such as for the analysis of visual function accompanying refractive surgery, contact lens, cataract and cataract-related disease, retinal disease, glaucoma, amblyopia, presbyopia, and vehicle driving. Its use has revealed that FVA reflects not only visual function related to tear dynamics, but also visual function related to quick recognition of the target. This simple, noninvasive, and sensitive FVA measurement system may be expected to be used worldwide.
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PMID:Functional Visual Acuity. 3048 3


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