Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0312414 (Spotting)
 88 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the bleeding patterns and clinical performance during the first 2 years of use of an intrauterine system releasing 20 microg/day of levonorgestrel (LNG-IUS, Mirena). Two-hundred-fifty-six women accepted use of Mirena from April 1998 through September 1998. The gross cumulative discontinuation rate due to pregnancy and expulsion were significantly higher in women who used the device because of heavy bleeding. There was one pregnancy at the 15th month of use after an inadvertent expulsion of the device. The continuation rate was 66.2 at the end of the second year. Forty-four percent of women reported amenorrhea at the 6th month of use. This rate maintained stability at 50% after 12 and 24 months of use. Spotting was present in 25% of the users at 6 months, decreasing to 8% and 11% at 18 and 24 months, respectively. Oligomenorrhea was described by one-quarter of women and was similar at each observation period. Removals due to menstrual bleeding problems were concentrated in the first 6 months of use and mostly due to amenorrhea or menorrhagia. In conclusion, LNG-IUS showed a high contraceptive efficacy and a good continuation rate up to 2 years. In addition, a reduction of blood loss was observed a few months after insertion.
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PMID:Bleeding patterns and clinical performance of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) up to two years. 1192 15

Use of Ovanon (.08 mg mestranol for 7 days, .075 mg mestranol and 2.5 mg lynestrenol for 15 days) as a contraceptive in 60 women (476 cycles) and in 7 women (33 cycles) in the treatment of premenopausal symptoms and menstruation disorders is reported. No pregnancy occurred during the treatment period, and therapeutic results were good in 6 of the treated patients. Side effects were infrequent and minor. Spotting and breakthrough bleeding in particular were infrequent, and amenorrhea was not observed.
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PMID:[Experiences with the normophasic ovulation inhibitor Ovanon]. 1227 13

As part of a wider evaluation of the Multiload Copper 250 IUD, bleeding patterns were studied longitudinally during the 1st year following insertion in 150 women. The women were menstruating regularly and had not been pregnant or on hormone or intrauterine contraception in the preceding 2 months. Detailed counseling was given, including instruction on collection of menstrual data. The mean age of the patients was 28 years (19-35) and mean parity was 2-3; none was nulliparous. 12 subjects could not be contacted after insertion and were not considered further. At 12 months, there were 11 terminations: pain and/or bleeding, 2; other medical reasons, 1; accidental pregnancy, 1; planning pregnancy, 5f other personal reasons, 1; and lost to follow-up, 1. Following device insertion menstrual duration was initially increased, followed by a fall to levels which were not significantly different from preinsertion values after about 6-9 months of use. Similar trends were noted when menstrual bleeding and spotting were separately analyzed. The mean number of bleeding days decreased from 4.5 during the first 90 days to 4.2 and then 3.9, respectively, in the last 2 segments; the corresponding figures for menstrual spotting were 3.5, 2.8, 2.7, and 2.8 days. Intermenstrual bleeding and spotting were common after insertion but their frequency rapidly decreased with time. To a large extent, bleeding disturbances determine IUD acceptability. Thus, its perceived improvement would tend to encourage continued use and suggests that the potential risk of anemia in longterm users need not necessarily be serious.
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PMID:Menstrual flow duration and spotting following Multiload Copper 250 intra-uterine device insertion. 1227 48

Following a brief review of the progressive improvements in oral contraceptive (OC) formulations and a description of the multicenter international study of Triella, this article describes a French multicenter double-blind study which compared the triphasic OC Triella with the widely used biphasic pill Adepal. Triella combines a constant dose of 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE) with norethisterone doses of .5 mg for 7 days, .75 mg for 7 days, and 1 mg for 7 days. 91 women used Triella for a total of 463 cycles and 87 used Adepal for 412 cycles. There were no statistically significant differences in the age, height, weight, blood pressure or previous OC usage of the 2 groups. Average menstrual cycle length and duration of menstruation were both shortened after OC use, from 30.16 to 27.6 days and 4.74 to 3.65 days with Triella and from 30.49 to 27.6 days and 4.85 to 3.59 days with Adepal. Some diminution of menstrual flow was also observed. Spotting or staining was observed during 14.0% of days in the 1st cycle and 2.0% in the 6th cycle with Triella and during 11.9% of days in the 1st cycle and 3.9% in the 6th cycle with Adepal. Before treatment, during the 1st cycle, and during the 6th cycle respectively, 48.4%, 9.9%, and 4.8% of women using Triella and 65.5%, 11.4%, and 8.9% using Adepal experienced dysmenorrhea, while 45.1%, 12.1%, and 6.3% using Triella and 57.5%, 13.8%, and 10.7% using Adepal experienced premenstrual syndrome. There were no statistically significant changes in weight. Mean blood pressure did not show any tendency to increase with Triella after a temporary rise in the 1st 2 cycles, which was not statistically significant. Average blood pressure with Adepal increased from 118.6/70.9 before treatment to 121.4/71.6 in the 6th cycle. 3.3% of Triella users and 9.2% of Adepal users had blood pressure increases to 140/90 or above. Among cycles of Triella and Adepal use respectively, 6.9% and 8.3% had breast problems, 6.2% and 5.6% had digestive problems, 6.9% and 3.6% had abdominopelvic problems, 5.4% and 4.9% had headaches, 3.2% and 4.6% had leucorrhea, 1.9% and 3.6% had psychic problems, .9% and 1.5% had vascular problems, and .6% and .7% had skin problems. All side effects had a tendency to decline with use. No new anomalies were detected in the final gynecological examination, except a case of mastosis in an Adepal user. 20 Triella users and 23 Adepal users were evaluated before treatment and at the 3rd, 6th, and 12th cycle for triglycerides, fasting and postprandial insulin and glucose tolerance, and total cholesterol. There were no significant changes, although there were nonsignificant postprandial elevations in glucose and insulin with both formulations. There were slight declines in total cholesterol with both OCs. No pregnancies occurred in either group.
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PMID:[Triella: a French multicenter double blind clinical study]. 1228 Feb 13

208 Swiss and Finnish women took the progestagen-only minipills megestrol acetate .5 mg, chlormadinone acetate .5 mg, or D-norgestrel .03 mg for an average of 5 months. Withdrawal bleeding lasted longer, 5.2-5.3 days (mean) than with conventional pills, 4.6 days. Nausea occurred less frequently, 8.5% in the 1st cycle compared with 25%. Loss of libido was reported about as often as with sequential pills. Breakthrough bleeding at intervals of 21 days or less happened in 225 wi th chlormadinone, 28% with norgestrel, and 8% with megestrol. Spotting was reported in 27% of the cycles on megestrol, 18% on chlormadinone, and 14.5% on norgestrel. The time interval from 1 withdrawal bleeding to the next averaged 29.1 days with megestrol, 25.6 days with chlormadinone, and 24.5 days with norgestrel. The variance of this interval was comparable to the 3 progestagens, but about half as large in Finnish women as in Swiss, indicating that the dose used was too high in the Swiss population.
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PMID:[Experience with three minipills preparations with low dose progestagens for oral contraception]. 1230 10

35 predominantly multiparous, sexually active women aged 25-44 years were fitted with levonorgestrel 20 T (Schering) IUDS in the post- menstrual phase, or in rare instances, right after abortion. the devices contained 60 mg of levonorgestrel releasing 20 mcg/day with the life span of 5 years. The patients were followed up every 3-6 months to detect side effects and complications. The first year contained a total of 339 months of observation, while the figure rose to 461 months in the second year. Spotting lasting 15-20 days followed insertion, but in later months only 7% of patients complained of bleeding or menstrual spotting. 7-8% of cases tended to have oligomenorrhea in the first year; 1/3 to 1/2 of them had hypomenorrhea during the first and second year. True amenorrhea started in 20-30% of women, persisting through both years. Longer duration of flow occurred in 32.4-4.57.1% of cases during these 2 years. Hormonal effects (headache, acne, hirsutism, depression, mastalgia, and inflamed varicose veins) ranged from 18.2- 33.3%. Levonorgestrel 20 T demonstrated more superior contraceptive efficacy than Progestasert; however, serious menstrual cycle disorders associated with it also increased. All progestin-releasing devices (the minipill, Norplant, Progestasert) induced menstrual changes, thus their use is preferable for therapeutic indications such as hypermenorrhea and uterine fibroid.
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PMID:[Two-year clinical performance of the Levonorgestrel 20 T IUD]. 1231 72

This report summarizes a meeting of the IPPF International Medical Advisory Panel (IMAP) held in November, 1986, at which information on steroidal oral contraception (OC), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and female sterility were discussed. Regarding the multiphasic OC now in use, the benefits to health and well-being outweigh the possible side-effects and infrequent complications. Use is associated with a lower incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease, 96-98% effective prevention of pregnancy, a protective effect against ovarian and endometrial cancer, and regulation of erratic menstrual cycles. Minor side effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, fluid retention, and inter-menstrual spotting. Adverse effects are circulatory system disease, myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, elevated blood pressure, and liver disease. Data on possible carcinogenicity have been conflicting. For women over age 40 OCs should be prescribed with caution. IMAP also drew up recommendations to assist FPAs to play a more active role in controlling the spread of AIDS. An effective program of Information and Education is of primary importance, targeting family planning workers and clients, teachers, parents, and employers. Wide promotion of condom use is a priority. Studies in Africa have revealed a major epidemic of AIDS, with the major mode of transmission heterosexual. The only immediate practical step in prevention of spread is by changes in sexual behavior. The last topic discussed is that of sterility in African women. The naturally occurring level of infertility expected in all populations of women is 3%; high levels in Africa vary by region from 3-32%. These levels of sterility are acquired through infection with Neisseria gonorrheae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Silent infection of women with Chlamydia make treatment especially difficult.
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PMID:Statement on steroidal oral contraception. 1234 Sep 76

The mechanical dilation of the cervix during induced abortion may cause pain and trauma. A clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of applying a hydrophilic polyurethane dilation rod to the cervix to soften tissue and dilate the cervix before the induced abortion. 100 healthy pregnant women aged 19-34 were screened and recruited into the study. The duration of pregnancy ranged from 5.9-12 weeks. The study had 2 purposes: 1) to identify the shortest duration of application of the rod for dilating the cervix and 2) to compare the effectiveness of applying the rod for 1/2, 1, and 2 hours. The study found that the use of the hydrophilic polyurethane rod and a significant effect on dilating the cervix. The effectiveness of the rod application of 2, 3, 6, and 12 hours was similar. The dilation was sufficient except in a few cases. 21-47 of the patients who use the rods for 1 hour and 1/2 hour, respectively, needed additional dilation. The dilation was much easier than it would have been without using the rods. Among all the groups of the rod users, no spontaneous abortion and hemorrhage occurred. Spotting, nausea, and vomiting were observed in a few women. The study results showed that the hydrophilic polyurethane rod is a safe, effective, and economical method of cervix dilation for induced abortion. It can reduce pain, the time needed for suction, and blood loss. The only inconvenience of the method is the increased amount of work. The method is especially attractive to first-time pregnant women, and its use may be expanded in outpatient clinics.
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PMID:[The application of hydrophilic polyurethane rod before vacuum aspiration]. 1234 6

Analytical protein microarrays offering highly parallel analysis can become an invaluable tool for a wide range of immunodiagnostic applications. Here we describe factors that influence the sensitivity of a competitive immunomicroarray that quantifies small molecules; in this case, the pesticides dichlobenil metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) and atrazine. Free pesticide concentrations in solution are quantified by the competitive binding of fluorescence-conjugated monoclonal antibodies to either surface-immobilized pesticide hapten-protein conjugates or pesticides in solution. We investigated the influence of antibody labeling techniques, microarray substrates, and spotting and incubation buffers. The results showed that microarrays immobilized on EasySpot or in-house fabricated agarose substrates printed with Genetix Amine Spotting Solution resulted in optimum results when the arrays were incubated with the sample/antibodies diluted in a Tris buffer supplemented with 0.05% each bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Tween 20. Furthermore, the application of directly labeled primary antibodies allowed for better sensitivity compared to secondary polyclonal antibody quantification.
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PMID:Quantitative assessment of factors affecting the sensitivity of a competitive immunomicroarray for pesticide detection. 1462 78

Spotting following the use of emergency contraception is not unusual, nor is anxiety in women waiting to see if the treatment has worked. It is not known whether such spotting should bring worry or relief. We, therefore, wished to see if there was any correlation between bleeding pattern and treatment outcome. Using data from a large multicenter efficacy trial, we examined bleeding patterns post-emergency contraception. The earlier in the cycle the pills were taken, the more likely the next bleed was to be early and the less likely it was to be on time. There was no observable difference in spotting rates between women who got pregnant and those who did not. The occurrence of spotting did not influence whether the next period was lighter or heavier.
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PMID:Effect of hormonal emergency contraception on bleeding patterns. 1475 18


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