Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0312414 (Spotting)
 88 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been established that IUDs are best inserted in the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle since the risk of interrupting pregnancy is minimal and induced bleeding is masked. It should also be stressed that the early follicular phase of the cycle is the time to remove an IUD. In a case study involving a 24-year old nulligravid woman who wore a Cu-7 IUD for 14 months and had regular cycles, the IUD was electively removed on the 26th day of the cycle. Spotting occurred for 2 days but on the 52nd day of the cycle pregnancy was confirmed. It is possible that the woman would have become pregnant with the IUD in place, but it is also possible that the premature removal of the IUD permitted implantation of the embryo late in the luteal phase. It is possible that the IUD removal created an endometrial injury and thus encouraged a favorable implantation site. Although it is speculative that IUD removal in the luteal phase may promote embryo implantation, to avoid pregnancy, the IUD should be removed during the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle.
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PMID:Elective removal of an intrauterine device. 64 82

Clinical experience with a low dose oral contraceptive (OC) containing .5 mg norethisterone and .035 mg ethinyl estradiol is reported. 1168 sexually active women received the OC as a 21-day cyclic regimen from 1 to 53 cycles with an overall total of 16345 cycles. No pregnancies occurred when the OC was taken as directed. 3 women who conceived during the study missed 3, 2, and 1 prescribed tablets, respectively. The overall pregnancy rate was .22/100 woman years of use calculated as a Pearl index. Spotting and/or breakthrough bleeding was noted primarily in the early cycles. Patient dropout was 14.2% for menstrual disorders and irregularities, and 11.4% for other medically associated complaints or reactions. It is concluded that this OC has proved to be an effective and well-tolerated lower dose OC.
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PMID:Clinical experience with a low dose oral contraceptive containing norethisterone and ethinyl oestradiol. 71 Jan 78

An oral contraceptive containing D-norgestrel 150 mug. and ethinol oestradiol 30 mug. (Neovletta) was tested in 682 British women during more than 6,000 cycles. The pregnancy rate was 0.2 per 100 woman-years with the exclusion of pregnancies that followed admitted errors of tablet-taking, and 0.8 per 100 woman-years when they were included. 92.2 per cent of cycles were within 28 +/- 3 days. withdrawal-bleeding was missed in 3.3 per cent of cycles. Spotting occurred in 9.3 per cent of cycles and breakthrough bleeding in 5.8 per cent. Total bleeding averaged 4.71 days per cycle. Concurrent symptoms likely to be attributable to the pill were few and only 10.3 per cent of subjects withdrew because of them. It can be concluded that this formulation is extremely well tolerated and highly effective.
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PMID:Analysis of a multicentre trial of a new low-dose oral contraceptive in Great Britain. 78 47

The reliability and the overall clinical acceptance of a new combined oral contraceptive, containing 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 0.15 mg of D-norgestrel, was studied in 102 patients over 1,731 cycles. The results have been accumulated over a period of four years, some of the subjects still using the presented formulation. No pregnancy occurred during the observation period. Out of the totally observed cycles, 94.3 per cent had a duration of 28 +/- 2 days. In only 1.7 per cent of the cycles did withdrawal bleeding fail to appear. Spotting and breakthrough bleeding occurred 3.6 and 3.8 per cent of the cycles respectively. The incidence of side-effects reported by the users and commonly associated with oral contraceptive use was relatively low.
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PMID:Four years overall experience with a new low estrogen -- low progestogen oral contraceptive. 78 48

Neovletta, a new combined low estrogen -- low progestogen oral contraceptive was investigated in 226 women over 1921 cycles at three different clinics. This report constitutes a preliminary evaluation of a large scale multicenter study being conducted in Sweden. No pregnancy was reported during the observation period. The length of menstrual cycle was generally 28 days and withdrawal bleeding during the tablet free period was missed in only 0.9 per cent of the cycles. The duration of menstruation was shortened by about one day. The amount of menstrual flow, as registered by the women, showed a reduction during treatment. Spotting and breakthrough bleeding were increased during the first three treatment cycles, whereas from the fourth to 12th cycles the incidence of these bleeding irregularities was not much different from pretreatment values. A total of 46 women (20 per cent) discontinued treatment due to side-effects of which bleeding irregularities constituted the major problem.
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PMID:Preliminary results from a swedish multicenter trial of a new low dose combined oral contraceptive. 78 49

The action spectrum of an oral contraceptive which contained a reduced amount of the estrogen component (.04 ethinyl estradil and 2 mg lynestrenol) was investigated in 4 volunteer subjects. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone were determined by radioimmunoassay and, in addition, the karyopyknotic index and cervical function were studied daily from the 8th day of the cycle. These parameters were determined in a control cycle, in the cycle during administration of the oral contraceptive, and in the subsequent treatment-free cycle. Furthermore, the bleeding patterns were studied daily in 284 treatment cycles of 26 patients. Results of these studies indicate complete contraceptive protection by inhibition of ovulation and by an efficient cervical barrier action even during the 1st cycle of treatment. Withdrawal bleeding was observed 3-4 days after ingestion of the last tablet. Spotting was recorded in 11 subjects during the 1st treatment cycle, but was rarely observed during further treatment. Blood loss and bleeding control is comparable to that of other combined oral contraceptives with reduced estrogen content.
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PMID:[Central and peripheral actions of an oral contraceptive with reduced oestrogen content (author's transl)]. 85 49

On the basis of well documented biochemical and pharmacological data about the influence of drug mediated enzyme induction on the biotransformation of natural and synthetic sex steroids, practical consequences for hormonal steroid contraception are described and discussed. Clinical reports dealing with this problem are still sparse. The clinical symptoms of drug stimulated biotransformation of hormonal steroid contraceptives are characteristic. Spotting or breakthrough bleeding are observed and in the extreme case conception may occur despite the regular intake of the contraceptive. The appearance of these symptoms differs from one individual to another. With a strong enzyme inducer, bleeding disorders can be provoked artifically in 50 to 60% of the women receiving hormonal contraceptive treatment. The range of drugs which stimulate biotransformation of hormonal contraceptives with consequent loss of their biological effectiveness is not completely known. For practical purposes, it is recommended that bleeding disturbances under hormonal steroid contraception in a previously regular cycle be regarded as loss of reliability; they should be remedied and taken as a sign to search for uncontrolled drug taking.
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PMID:Drug stimulated biotransformation of hormonal steroid contraceptives: clinical implications. 100 Dec 20

The effects of .35 mg of norethisterone/day on cervical mucus and on urinary luteinizing hormone (LH), pregnanediol, and estrogen levels were studied during 2 treatment cycles in 5 healthy women who had been observed during a control cycle. LH was measured by radioimmunoassay, total estrogens by a semiautomatic rapid method, and pregnanediol by a gas chromatographic method. There was some effect on the LH excretion patte rn in all the treatment cycles. Pregnanediol levels suggested ovulation in 3 cycles. In all 3 of these cycles the LH peak was lower and not as pronounced as in the respective control cycles. A patient with some initial suppression of LH and estrogens became pregnant during the trial. Cervical mucus was scanty, thick, opaque, and impenetrable to sperm throughout treatment. Spotting occurred in 4 of the treatment cycles, 2 of which were ovulatory. 3 possible ways in which norethisterone might exert its contraceptive effect are listed.
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PMID:The effect of daily norethisterone (0.35 mg) on cervical mucus and on urinary LH, pregnanediol and oestrogen levels. 103 19

A direct spectrodensitometric method for quantitating the components of polyene macrolide complexes after separation by thin-layer chromatography is described. Resolution of the components of the candidin and candihexin complexes was good up to 2.5 and 10 mu-g/spot, respectively. The peak areas were linear with the amount spotted up to the same levels. Maximum peak areas for the components of the candidin and candihexin complexes were obtained using light wavelengths of 360 and 340 nm, respectively. Spotting errors rather than instrumental parameters were responsible for the variance of repeated determinations. Minimal relative standard deviation values were found at intermediate concentration levels in the linear range.
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PMID:Quantitative thin-layer spectrodensitometric determination of the components of polyene macrolide antibiotice complexes. 113 26

Pregnon is a new low-dosage ovulation-inhibiting agent containing 1 mg of lynestrenol and .05 mg of ethinyl estradiol in each tablet. It is also marketed under the name of Pregnon 28 or Ovostat 28 in which each package contains 22 active plus 6 placebo tablets. Data were collected from Belgian clinics and evaluated by the Medical Unit of Organon in Belgium and the Netherlands. During this study, 639 women of fertile age were monitored through 9159 cycles. The maximum period of treatment was 36 cycles. Clinical and gynecological examinations were made before treatment and then every 2 or 3 months. Treatment was begun by taking the 1st tablet on the 1st day of menstruation. After taking 22 tablets there was a 6-day tablet-free interval during which withdrawal bleeding usually occurred. The intensity of the withdrawal bleeding was normal in 57.3%, slight in 41.7%, and heavy in 1%. Spotting was noted in 3.1% of the cycles and breakthrough bleeding occurred in 2.9%. Usually they occurred in the first 3 cycles. Amenorrhea was observed in 2.9% of the cycles. Body weights were relatively unchanged. Blood pressures remained the same. Side effects were headache, nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, heavy legs, leucorrhea, nervousness, depression, and decreased libido. Only 46 patients discontinued treatment because of these drug effects yielding an acceptability level of about 93%. Since no pregnancies occurred during this study, the Pearl index was 0.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of a new oral contraceptive, 'Pregnon'. 114 83


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