Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0311277 (abdominal obesity)
 2,792 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Over the last four decades there has been extensive research into the links between diet and coronary heart disease. The most recent literature is reviewed in this position statement. The clinical and public health aspects of the National Heart Foundation's nutrition policy are based on this review. The key points are as follows: 1. Saturated fatty acids A high intake of saturated fatty acids is strongly associated with elevated serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels and increased risk of coronary heart disease. 2. The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (principally linoleic acid) lower serum cholesterol levels when substituted for saturated fats and probably have an independent cholesterol-lowering effect. 3. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (fish oils) The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce serum triglyceride levels, decrease the tendency to thrombosis and may further reduce coronary risk through other mechanisms. 4. Monounsaturated fatty acids Monounsaturated fatty acids reduce serum cholesterol levels when substituted for saturated fatty acids. It is not clear whether this is an independent effect or simply the result of displacement of saturates. 5. Trans fatty acids Trans fatty acids may increase serum cholesterol levels and can be reckoned to be equivalent to saturated fatty acids. 6. Total fat Total fat intake, independent of fatty acid type, is not strongly associated with coronary heart disease but may contribute to obesity. Associations between total fat intake and coronary heart disease are primarily mediated through the saturated fatty acid component. 7. Dietary cholesterol Dietary cholesterol increases serum cholesterol levels in some people and may increase risk of coronary heart disease. 8. Alcohol A high intake of alcohol increases blood pressure and serum triglyceride levels and increases mortality from cardiovascular disease. Light alcohol consumption reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. 9. Sugar The consumption of sugar is not associated with coronary heart disease. 10. Sodium and potassium High salt intake is related to hypertension especially in the subset of "salt-sensitive" people. Potassium intake may be inversely related to hypertension. 11. Overweight and obesity Abdominal obesity increases the risk of coronary heart disease probably by adversely influencing conventional risk factors. 12. Vegetarianism A high intake of plant foods reduces the risk of coronary heart disease through several mechanisms, including lowering serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels.
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PMID:Diet and coronary heart disease. The National Heart Foundation of Australia. 163 Mar 69

The most central findings in both GH deficiency in adults and the metabolic syndrome are abdominal/visceral obesity and insulin resistance. Abdominal obesity is associated with blunted GH secretion and low serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations. GH treatment in GH-deficient adults has demonstrated favorable effects on most of the features of GH deficiency in adults, but it is not known whether GH can improve some of the metabolic aberrations observed in abdominal/visceral obesity. Thirty men, 48-66 yr old, with abdominal/visceral obesity were treated with recombinant human GH (rhGH) in a 9-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The daily dose of rhGH was 9.5 micrograms/kg. Body fat was assessed from total body potassium, and abdominal sc and visceral adipose tissue was measured using computed tomography. The glucose disposal rate (GDR) was measured during an euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp. In response to the rhGH treatment, total body fat and abdominal sc and visceral adipose tissue decreased by 9.2 +/- 2.4%, 6.1 +/- 3.2%, and 18.1 +/- 7.6%, respectively. After an initial decrease in the GDR at 6 weeks, the GDR increased in the rhGH-treated group as compared with the placebo-treated one (P < 0.05). The mean serum concentrations of total cholesterol (P < 0.01) and triglyceride (P < 0.05) decreased, whereas blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were unaffected by the rhGH treatment. Furthermore, diastolic blood pressure decreased and systolic blood pressure was unchanged in response to rhGH treatment. This trial has demonstrated that GH can favorably affect some of the multiple perturbations associated with abdominal/visceral obesity. This includes a reduction in abdominal/visceral obesity, an improved insulin sensitivity, and favorable effects on lipoprotein metabolism and diastolic blood pressure.
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PMID:Growth hormone treatment of abdominally obese men reduces abdominal fat mass, improves glucose and lipoprotein metabolism, and reduces diastolic blood pressure. 906 72

The present study has examined the short- and long-term effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment on the leptin system and energy expenditure. Thirty male individuals with abdominal obesity were randomised to GH or placebo treatment in a 9-month, double-blind study. The dose of GH was 9.5 microg/kg, administered subcutaneously every evening. Serum leptin concentrations were measured by a human leptin RIA. Total RNA was isolated from adipose tissue biopsies and leptin mRNA levels were determined by a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Body composition was determined by potassium-40 and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by a computerised, ventilated, open-hood system. As compared with placebo, an overall decrease in serum leptin concentrations as assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) (P < 0.05) and an increase in BMR (AUC, P < 0.05) were observed during GH treatment. The overall GH-induced changes were due to marked changes in serum leptin concentrations and BMR after 6 weeks of treatment. After 9 months of GH treatment there was a significant reduction in body fat (BF) while serum leptin concentrations and BMR did not differ from baseline values. Leptin mRNA levels did not change over the study period. We speculate that long-term GH treatment induces a new energy balance steady state with decreased BF stores. The effects of GH on the leptin system is suggested to be of importance for the maintenance of a lower BF mass.
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PMID:Effects of growth hormone treatment on the leptin system and on energy expenditure in abdominally obese men. 957 8

A new guideline on metabolic syndrome (MS) in Japanese was introduced in 2005. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and lifestyle characteristics of Japanese hypertensive patients with MS. Subjects were 290 patients (mean age: 64+/-11 years) who had been followed at our hospital. The waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. Subjects who had BMI >or=25 kg/m(2) were defined as having BMI obesity, while abdominal obesity was defined as a WC >or=85 cm in men and >or=90 cm in women, respectively. Since all patients had hypertension, the definition of MS was made when the patient had abdominal obesity plus either dyslipidemia or glucose intolerance, or both. Among the subjects, 230 patients underwent 24-h home urine collection to measure urinary salt and potassium excretions. Dietary habits were also assessed by use of a questionnaire. Mean values of BMI and WC were 24.2+/-3.4 kg/m(2) and 87.1+/-9.6 cm, respectively. Among the total subject group, 39% patients were classified as having BMI obesity, 49% as having abdominal obesity, and 27% as having MS. BMI was significantly correlated with WC both in men (r=0.86; p<0.01) and in women (r=0.79; p<0.01). More men than women belonged to the BMI obesity (46% vs. 33%, p<0.05), abdominal obesity (63% vs. 39%, p<0.01) and MS (39% vs. 18%, p<0.01) groups. There were no significant differences in blood pressure between patients with and without MS, while patients with MS needed a greater number of antihypertensive drugs than those without MS. Mean urinary salt and potassium excretions were 8.9+/-3.8 g/day and 1.9+/-0.7 g/day, respectively. Urinary salt excretion of <6 g (100 mmol of sodium)/day was achieved in 20% of the subjects. Urinary salt excretion in the patients with MS was significantly higher than that in the patients without (10.1+/-4.2 vs. 8.5+/-3.6 g/day; p<0.01). Only 16% of the patients with MS achieved salt restriction (<6 g/day). The patients with MS had a significantly greater the chance to eat out than the patients without MS. They were also less aware of the need to increase their vegetable consumption. The results suggested that MS is prevalent in Japanese hypertensive patients. Patients with MS showed higher urinary salt excretion and needed more antihypertensive drugs to manage their blood pressure. Dietary counseling focusing not only on sodium restriction but also on the need to increase fruit and vegetable consumption seems to be important.
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PMID:Prevalence and lifestyle characteristics of hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome followed at an outpatient clinic in fukuoka, Japan. 1825 May 57

The activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important mechanism that contributes to hypertension in obese individuals. Thiazide diuretics also activate the RAS in response to volume contraction and can lead to a decrease in serum potassium values and glucose metabolism abnormalities. To evaluate the impact of abdominal obesity on potassium depletion and glucose homeostasis in hypertensive patients receiving thiazide therapy, the authors studied 329 hypertensive patients without known diabetes or impaired renal function. Patients were stratified into 2 major groups according to whether they used thiazide diuretic therapy, and each group was further divided in 2 subgroups according to the presence of abdominal obesity. The authors demonstrated that obese patients receiving diuretic therapy had lower plasma potassium levels and higher glucose values compared with nonobese patients receiving diuretic therapy. In conclusion, abdominal obesity predisposes to potassium depletion during diuretic therapy in association with effects on glucose homeostasis.
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PMID:Abdominal obesity is associated with potassium depletion and changes in glucose homeostasis during diuretic therapy. 1855 Sep 34

The metabolic syndrome (MS) has been associated with hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). To assess the hypothesis that diuretic therapy in MS patients through further stimulation of RAAS would elicit greater potassium (K) depletion, two groups of hypertensive patients with (MS group [MSG]; n=20) and without (control group [CG]; n=19) MS were studied. Plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (PA), and K levels were determined and an oral glucose tolerance test with plasma insulin determinations for calculation of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), sensitivity (ISI), and secretion (HOMA-beta) was performed, both before and 12 weeks after hydrochlorothiazide (HCT; 25 mg/d) therapy. At baseline, higher HOMA IR and HOMA-beta and lower ISI and plasma K were found in the MSG than in the CG, with no differences in PA and PRA between groups. With therapy, PRA increased similarly in both groups while PA increased only in the MSG. However, greater reduction in plasma K occurred in the CG, and the 2 groups reached similar final K values. Impairment in glucose tolerance occurred in both groups, with no change in HOMA-beta in the CG and reduction in the MSG, suggesting that diuretic therapy increases insulin resistance and impairs insulin secretion independent of abdominal obesity. These alterations could not be attributed to hyperactivity of RAAS.
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PMID:Diuretic-induced potassium depletion and glucose intolerance are not related to hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients with the metabolic syndrome. 1981 35

The role of spironolactone in resistant hypertension management is unclear. The aim of this prospective trial was to evaluate the antihypertensive effect of spironolactone in patients with true resistant hypertension diagnosed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A total of 175 patients had clinical and complementary exams obtained at baseline and received spironolactone in doses of 25 to 100 mg/d. A second ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed after a median interval of 7 months. Paired Student t test was used to assess differences in blood pressure before and during spironolactone administration, and multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, and number of antihypertensive drugs to assess the predictors of blood pressure fall. There were mean reductions of 16 and 9 mm Hg, respectively, in 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures (95% CIs: 13 to 18 and 7 to 10 mm Hg; P<0.001). Office systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure also decreased (14 and 7 mm Hg). Controlled ambulatory blood pressure was reached in 48% of patients. Factors associated with better response were higher waist circumference, lower aortic pulse wave velocity, and lower serum potassium. No association with plasma aldosterone or aldosterone:renin ratio was found. Adverse effects were observed in 13 patients (7.4%). A third ambulatory blood pressure monitoring performed in 78 patients after a median of 15 months confirmed the persistence of the spironolactone effect. In conclusion, spironolactone administration to true resistant hypertensive patients is safe and effective in decreasing blood pressure, especially in those with abdominal obesity and lower arterial stiffness. Its addition to an antihypertensive regimen as the fourth or fifth drug is recommended.
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PMID:Efficacy of spironolactone therapy in patients with true resistant hypertension. 1985 5

The mode of nutrition of women and men studying at the WUT (Westpomeranian Technological University) in Szczecin was evaluated. The study was conducted on the group of 198 students. Numerous faults in students nurishment were shown. The unsatisfactory supply of milk and milk products, vegetables, fruit and cereal products in both sexs was confirmed. The consumption of fat, meat, particularly ham, cheeses and eggs was too high in men's diets. Women consumed sugar and sweets in excess. The percentage of energy from fat was too high in women group (35.7%) and in men (37.1%). The evaluation of nutrients consumption was performed according to norms updated in 2008. In both groups deficiency in diet was observed for calcium, potassium, vitamin D, folic acid, vitamin C, magnesium, and additionally in women population vitamins from the group B and minerals. The nourishment status was estimated using anthropometric methods in the support of mass and BMI and the circuit of waist and hips (WHR). It was noticed that the BMI value did not reflect the growing problem of obesity among the youth as well as the coefficient abdominal obesity (WHR) measured in the whole population. On the basis of the WHR value it was confirmed that 35% of academical youth from Szczecin has the predisposition to obesity, diabetes II degree, arteriosclerosis and diseases of heart.
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PMID:[Nutrition mode and nurishment status of WUT students in Szczecin as compared to different academical centres in Poland]. 2136 67