Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0311277 (abdominal obesity)
 2,792 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of long-term aerobic exercise training on insulin action was determined in older individuals by comparing insulin sensitivity and maximal responsiveness in 11 master athletes [63.5 +/- 1.9 (SE) yr] and 10 age- and body fat-matched sedentary individuals. Maximal aerobic power was higher and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was lower in the athletes, but there were no differences in body weight, percent body fat, or fat-free mass between groups. Fasting plasma glucose levels and glucose and insulin responses during oral glucose tolerance tests were lower in the athletes. The insulin concentration producing a half-maximal increase in glucose disposal (EC50) during a three-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamp was 41% lower in the athletes than in controls (483 +/- 30 vs. 822 +/- 132 pmol/l, P < 0.05), whereas maximal responsiveness was comparable (81.0 +/- 4.4 vs. 85.5 +/- 8.3 mumol.kg fat-free mass-1.min-1, P = not significant). The EC50 correlated with maximal aerobic power (r = -0.62, P < 0.01) and WHR (r = 0.52, P < 0.05), but in multiple regression analyses WHR was the only variable independently related to EC50. These results indicate that long-term aerobic exercise training is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity and a lower WHR in older individuals. This finding suggests that regular aerobic exercise may prevent the age-associated increase in abdominal obesity and insulin resistance.
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PMID:Enhanced insulin sensitivity and lower waist-to-hip ratio in master athletes. 790 Jul 95

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), with its sulphate conjugate (DHEAS), is the most abundant steroid hormone in the circulation but its physiological importance is unclear. We propose that DHEA has either oestrogen-like or androgen-like effects depending on the hormonal milieu. In premenopausal women DHEA is either an oestrogen antagonist, perhaps through the competitive binding of its metabolite 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (ADIOL) and oestradiol to the oestrogen receptor, or an androgen through its metabolism to androstenedione and testosterone. In women DHEA contributes to abdominal obesity and insulin resistance: in the premenopausal high oestrogen concentrations may counterbalance the androgenic effects of DHEA but in the postmenopausal metabolism to testosterone may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, though this effect may be counterbalanced by the age-dependent decline in DHEA and also by the oestradiol-like effects of ADIOL. In some breast cancer cell lines in a low oestrogen milieu DHEA has an oestradiol-like effect, stimulating tumour growth, whereas in oestradiol abundance DHEA antagonises the growth-stimulating effect of oestradiol. In men, with an androgenic milieu, DHEA acts like an oestrogen and protects against cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Physiological importance of dehydroepiandrosterone. 791 Nov 83

Obesity is frequently associated with a dyslipidaemic state. Several metabolic and epidemiological studies published in the 1980s have, however, emphasized the importance of considering the regional distribution of body fat in the assessment of the health hazards of obesity. The development of imaging techniques such as computed tomography has also allowed it to be established that the fat located in the abdominal cavity, i.e. the visceral adipose tissue, was the critical correlate of the metabolic complications found in abdominal obesity which include insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypoalphalipoproteinaemia and increased concentrations of dense LDL particles. Furthermore, since several genes are involved in the regulation of plasma lipoprotein-lipid levels and they have been reported to show polymorphism, visceral obesity should be considered as a permissive factor that exacerbates an individual's susceptibility to dyslipidaemia and premature coronary heart disease rather than a primary regulator of the dyslipidaemic state observed in visceral obese patients. Finally, as insulin resistance and the level of visceral adipose tissue are two main correlates of the dyslipidaemic state which characterizes abdominal obesity, treatment should be aimed at reducing visceral fat and improving insulin sensitivity. Prospective studies are clearly warranted to evaluate the potential benefits of such interventions on the incidence of coronary heart disease.
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PMID:Dyslipidaemia and obesity. 798 Mar 50

Recently waist/hip ratio (WHR), a marker of body fat distribution, has been described as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of body fat distribution on metabolic, haemostatic and haemorheological pattern in premenopausal obese women with different WHR. Fourty premenopausal obese women were subdivided into two groups, matched for age and body mass index (BMI): 20 women with abdominal obesity (WHR = 0.94 +/- 0.02) and 20 women with peripheral obesity (WHR = 0.77 +/- 0.03). Twenty nonobese women were recruited as control group. The abdominal obesity group had significantly higher blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, Apolipoprotein B and plasma insulin levels and lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and Apolipoprotein A1 levels than the control group. All the haemostatic (figrinogen, Factor VII, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen (Ag) pre venous occlusion (VO)) and haemorheological parameters (haematocrit, whole blood filterability, blood and plasma viscosity) were significantly higher in the abdominal obesity group as compared to the control group. In contrast, mean values of t-PA (Ag) post VO were significantly lower in abdominal obese women. Moreover positive correlations between WHR and plasma insulin (r = 0.68, p < 0.05), between WHR and fibrinogen (r = 0.63, p < 0.05) and between WHR and PAI pre VO (r = 0.71, p < 0.05) and a negative correlation between WHR and t-PA (Ag) post VO (r = -0.55, p < 0.05) were found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Coagulation, fibrinolysis and haemorheology in premenopausal obese women with different body fat distribution. 799 33

We examined the effect of the pattern of body-fat distribution on the modification of atherogenic risk factors in obese adolescent girls during weight reduction. During the 6-wk program, which included a mixed diet of 4321 kJ/d and intensive physical exercise, the girls lost 8.5 +/- 2.4 kg and their waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) decreased from 0.86 +/- 0.05 to 0.81 +/- 0.05 (P < 0.01). Significant reductions were observed for total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, uric acid, fasting insulin, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Girls with abdominal obesity (WHR > 0.88) had greater reductions in serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and uric acid than did girls with gluteal-femoral obesity (WHR < 0.81). In a multivariate-regression analysis these differences could be partly explained by the greater weight loss of the girls with abdominal obesity. These results suggest that during weight reduction girls with abdominal obesity exhibit more beneficial changes in the atherogenic-risk-factor profile than do girls with gluteal-femoral obesity, partly because of a greater weight loss.
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PMID:Body-fat distribution and changes in the atherogenic risk-factor profile in obese adolescent girls during weight reduction. 801 38

This study was designed to evaluate the role of fasting serum insulin and plasma renin activity in obesity-induced hypertension. In view of this, plasma catecholamines, fasting serum insulin (IRI), urinary sodium excretion (NaU), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone (PA) levels were assessed in young (age less than 40 years) normotensive (n = 27) and hypertensive (n = 14) subjects with central obesity and in lean normotensives (n = 20). Central obesity was evaluated by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) according to the indication of the Italian Consensus Conference of Obesity. PRA, PA, IRI, and plasma norepinephrine levels were significantly (P < .05) higher in both obese groups than in lean normotensives. PRA was significantly (P < .05) higher and NaU was significantly (P < .05) lower in obese hypertensives than in obese normotensives. Diastolic blood pressure correlated directly with WHR and PRA in normotensive and hypertensive obese subjects and with IRI but only in normotensive obese subjects. Multiple regression analysis indicated that diastolic blood pressure values increased with WHR (P < .05), IRI (P < .005), and PRA (P < .002), but not with body mass index, NaU, and norepinephrine levels. Our results indicated that increased PRA could play an important role in the development of hypertension in subjects with central obesity.
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PMID:Central obesity and hypertension. Relationship between fasting serum insulin, plasma renin activity, and diastolic blood pressure in young obese subjects. 803 46

We investigated the feedback inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp at about 350 pmol/l in 16 patients with abdominal obesity [8 with normal glucose tolerance (oNGT), 8 with impaired glucose tolerance (oIGT)] and 8 normal-weight subjects matched for age, sex and blood pressure. In oNGT and oIGT, fasting plasma C-peptide levels were twice those in the controls (962 +/- 51 and 915 +/- 85 vs 439 +/- 28 pmol/l, P < 0.001) and their suppression was lower than in the controls, both in absolute terms (155 +/- 19 and 185 +/- 17 vs 274 +/- 18 pmol/l, P < 0.001) and as a percentage decline from basal levels (16 +/- 2% and 21 +/- 2% vs 63 +/- 2%, P < 0.001). Fasting plasma glucagon levels were similar in the patients and in the controls, but were less suppressed during clamp in oNGT and oIGT, both in absolute terms (7.0 +/- 0.9 and 5.6 +/- 0.6 vs 13.2 +/- 1.2 pmol/l, P < 0.001) and as a percentage change from basal levels (23 +/- 3% and 19 +/- 2% vs 44 +/- 4%, P < 0.001). These results suggest that the insulin feedback on B and A cells is impaired in abdominal obesity, and that this defect is of similar degree in oNGT and oIGT. These alterations could be implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinemia in obesity.
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PMID:Feedback inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion by insulin is altered in abdominal obesity with normal or impaired glucose tolerance. 811 Oct 76

The amount of abdominal visceral adipose tissue measured by computed tomography is a critical correlate of the potentially "atherogenic" metabolic disturbances associated with abdominal obesity. In this study conducted in samples of 81 men and 70 women, data are presented on the anthropometric correlates of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular disease risk factors (triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, fasting and postglucose insulin and glucose levels). Results indicate that the waist circumference and the abdominal sagittal diameter are better correlates of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation than the commonly used waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). In women, the waist circumference and the abdominal sagittal diameter also appeared more closely related to the metabolic variables than the WHR. When the samples were divided into quintiles of waist circumference, WHR or abdominal sagittal diameter, it was noted that increasing values of waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter were more consistently associated with increases in fasting and postglucose insulin levels than increasing values of WHR, especially in women. These findings suggest that the waist circumference or the abdominal sagittal diameter, rather than the WHR, should be used as indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue deposition and in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. It is suggested from these data that waist circumference values above approximately 100 cm, or abdominal sagittal diameter values > 25 cm are most likely to be associated with potentially "atherogenic" metabolic disturbances.
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PMID:Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. 814 Oct 87

Abdominal obesity and hyperinsulinemia are associated with abnormalities in lipid metabolism and are important risk factors for coronary artery disease. Because hyperinsulinemia frequently accompanies abdominal obesity, it is unclear whether each is independently related to lipid abnormalities. Dietary saturated fat may influence these associations since it is associated with elevated lipid levels, obesity and hyperinsulinemia. Abdominal obesity (indexed as abdomen-to-hip circumference ratio), serum insulin level and dietary saturated fat intake were examined in relation to serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins in 878 male participants of the Normative Aging Study. Abdomen-to-hip ratio and insulin level were inversely related to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (r = -0.17 and -0.21, respectively), and positively related to triglycerides (r = 0.25 and 0.36, respectively). Saturated fat intake was positively related to body mass index (r = 0.20), abdomen-to-hip ratio (r = 0.13), and insulin level (r = 0.10). In multiple linear regression models, abdomen-to-hip ratio was positively related to triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) after adjusting for the effects of body mass index, alcohol intake, age, cigarette smoking and physical activity level, but was not significantly related to HDL-C. When serum insulin level was included as a covariate, abdomen-to-hip ratio remained significantly related to LDL-C and triglycerides, although its relationship with triglycerides was attenuated. Insulin level remained inversely related to HDL-C and triglycerides in multivariate models which adjusted for the effects of abdomen-to-hip ratio and BMI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The relationships of abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia and saturated fat intake to serum lipid levels: the Normative Aging Study. 818 10

The regional distribution of body fat has been identified as a significant risk factor for the development of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Several studies that have investigated the potential associations between topographic features of adipose tissue and indices reflecting carbohydrate and lipid metabolism have reported significant associations between abdominal fat deposition and metabolic complications. The development of computed tomography as a means to precisely measure the amount of subcutaneous and deep adipose tissue at any site of the body has shown that determination of the level of visceral adipose tissue is a critical measurement to perform in the assessment of the health hazards of obesity. Studies that we have conducted in premenopausal women have clearly shown that the level of visceral adipose tissue is the best correlate of lipoprotein ratios used to estimate the risk of CVD. We have also reported that a high level of visceral adipose tissue is associated with a deterioration of glucose tolerance and that the relationship between visceral fat deposition and glucose tolerance remains significant after controlling for the level of total-body fat. Because significant interrelationships were observed between abdominal visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipoproteinemias in obese women, it is suggested that visceral obesity is an important component of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X) that has been previously described. This cluster of morphological, hormonal, and metabolic alterations observed in abdominal obesity may have substantial implications for the treatment of this condition.
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PMID:Abdominal obesity as important component of insulin-resistance syndrome. 828 86


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