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Query: UMLS:C0311277 (abdominal obesity)
 2,792 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The goal of the present work is the study of the plasmatic lipid profile in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with abdominal obesity (AO), comparing them the NIDDM patients without AO and with OA persons without NIDDM. For that purpose we developed a methodology in which we have studied the body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) the hip-waist index (HWI) (0.95 = AO), lipid parameters, hydrocarbon, titers and serum insulin levels. The results are referred to four groups where we can throw into relief a statistically significant increase in triglycerides and a marked decrease in HDL cholesterol in OA and DM patients when compared to the group with AO without MD or to the group with MD without AO. Based on the results obtained the conclusions can be summarized as follows: The presence of abdominal obesity is a factor that favors the appearance of high levels of serum triglycerides and low levels of HDL-cholesterol in NIDDM. On the other hand, DM is a factor that increases the levels of triglycerides with low levels of HDL-cholesterol which already exist in AO.
Rev Clin Esp 1991 Sep
PMID:[Pattern of plasma lipids and insulin blood levels in male patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and moderate obesity]. 174 3

Fat distribution (waist/hip ratio) was assessed in a population of 11,825 women, aged 40-73 years, presenting for routine breast cancer screening (the DOM project in Utrecht) in the period 1984 to 1986. Waist/hip ratio increased with increasing Quetelet's index and age. Postmenopausal women did not have higher waist/hip ratios compared to premenopausal women after adjustment for Quetelet's index and age. In pre- and postmenopausal women, waist/hip ratio increased with increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day (while Quetelet's index decreased) and a positive linear relationship was found between parity and waist/hip ratio (also after adjustment for Quetelet's index and age). Age at menarche was strongly inversely related to Quetelet's index but was not related to waist/hip ratio. In postmenopausal women, waist/hip ratio was lower in women who reported to use oestrogens for menopausal complaints in comparison with similar women who did not, but this difference disappeared after adjustment for age and degree of obesity. This study emphasizes the role of some variables that are associated with fat distribution and are potential confounders of risk estimates of abdominal obesity.
Int J Obes 1990 Sep
PMID:Fat distribution in relation to age, degree of obesity, smoking habits, parity and estrogen use: a cross-sectional study in 11,825 Dutch women participating in the DOM-project. 222 8

The distribution of adipose tissue thickness, fat cell weight (FCW), and number (FCN) were studied in four regions in randomly selected middle-aged men and women and in 930 obese individuals. Both the obese and the randomly selected men were found to have the largest adipose tissue thickness in the abdominal region. Women, however, showed a relative preponderance for the gluteal and femoral regions. FCW increased with expanding body fat up to a maximal size of approximately 0.7-0.8 micrograms/cell in each region. After this increase in FCW, a more rapid increase in FCN was found. For the same degree of relative overweight, men had higher triglyceride, fasting glucose, and insulin levels; higher sums of glucose and insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test; and higher blood pressure. Furthermore, elevated fasting glucose levels (greater than 7.4 mM) occurred twice as often in the males. These differences between males and females persisted even after body fat matching. A male risk profile was seen in women characterized by abdominal obesity (high waist/hip circumference ratio) as compared to women with the typical peripheral obesity. Stepwise multiple regression analyses in both women and men showed the obesity complications to be associated in a first step to waist/hip circumference or body fat and in a second to abdominal fat cell size. It may thus be concluded that: (a) In both obese and nonobese subjects, regional differences exist between the sexes with regard to adipose tissue distribution. (b) Moderate expansion of body fat is mainly due to FCW enlargement, which is subsequently followed by increased FCN. (c) Men and women with a male abdominal type of obesity are more susceptible to the effect of excess body fat on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
J Clin Invest 1983 Sep
PMID:Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. 635 Mar 64

Epidemiological studies have indicated a relationship between overweight and cardiovascular disease. The present investigation was undertaken to identify anthropometric variables in childhood which may reflect the risk of cardiovascular disease in terms of unfavourable changes in apolipoprotein and lipid concentrations. Twenty-nine obese 14-year-olds and 32 obese 12-year-olds were recruited from a school screening programme and anthropometric data reflecting overweight and fat distribution were subjected to analysis of covariance, with blood pressure, apolipoprotein and lipid concentrations as dependent variables. Results from the two groups were adjusted for puberty, gender and screening group, allowing pooling of data. After such an adjustment, waist circumference was significantly correlated (r = partial correlation coefficient) to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (r = -0.08, p < 0.05) and triglycerides (r = +0.24, p < 0.01). The waist:hip ratio was significantly correlated to HDL-cholesterol (r = -0.10, p < 0.01) and triglycerides (r = +0.22, p < 0.01). BMI was significantly correlated to triglycerides (r = +0.25, p < 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (r = +0.08, p < 0.05). The partial regression coefficients for waist circumference versus apolipoprotein B (r = +0.07) and the apolipoprotein B:A-I ratio (r = +0.06) were as strong as those for waist:hip ratio (r = +0.03 and r = +0.05, respectively). Our results demonstrate that abdominal obesity is associated with an unfavourable lipid profile in obese 12-14-year-old children. This may be related to an increased cardiovascular risk later in life. The waist measurement appears to be a convenient and informative anthropometric indicator of such metabolic alterations.
Acta Paediatr 1994 Sep
PMID:Waist measurement correlates to a potentially atherogenic lipoprotein profile in obese 12-14-year-old children. 781 91

Central obesity is a strong predictor of higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and coronary artery disease among Indian immigrants to Britain. To test this hypothesis in Indians, 1569 adults, between 25 and 64 years of age, from 750 randomly selected households (representative of 0.52 million population of Trivandrum city, Kerala) were selected for this study. The response rate was roughly 95% and the sample consisted of 1497 individuals (737 males and 760 females). The survey methods included dietary diaries for 7-day food intake record, blood pressure measurements using a mercury sphygmo-manometer and anthropometric measurements. The prevalence rates of hypertension between 25 and 64 years was 189/1000 (95% confidence limits 85-360) and between 45 and 64 years was 335/1000 (95% confidence limits 210-460) which is higher than in Western populations. The prevalence was higher in males than females in the younger age groups and comparable in both sexes in the upper age groups. The prevalence of central obesity was significantly higher among male (77.2 vs. 48.9%) and female (84.0 vs. 51.4%) hypertensives compared to non-hypertensive subjects; however, mean body weight, body mass index and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were lower among Indian men compared to a British comparison group. Thus, comparison of Indian men with Britons showed that obesity, salt and alcohol intake, sedentariness, smoking and dietary fat intake do not explain the cause of higher prevalence of hypertension among South Indian men from Kerala.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Int J Cardiol 1995 Sep
PMID:Diet, central obesity and prevalence of hypertension in the urban population of south India. 852 15

Overweight and obesity have an underestimated impact on public health and therefore on national economic costs. The rising prevalence of overweight and obesity is inextricably linked to the increase in the average BMI and its population distribution. English activity patterns have probably fallen over 20 years by an average of 800 kcal/day; the remarkable changes in eating patterns reflect the pervasive physiological suppression of intake by about 750 kcal/d. The resulting small positive energy balance explains the secular increase in average adult weight. Similar changes and discrepancies occur with aging. Together these changes can explain the accelerating skewness of BMI distribution and particular propensity of women to obesity. The genetically susceptible probably dominate the upper BMI range and seem to reflect subtle discrepancies in energy balance in an inactive society on a high fat diet. Maternal programming of gene expression in utero may amplify intergenerational increases in weight but also amplify a stress-mediated susceptibility to abdominal obesity. The needed transformation in thinking on transport, environment, work facilities, education, health and food policies and perhaps in social and economic policies is unlikely when governments are wedded to individualism but without these changes to enhance physical activity and alter food quality societies are doomed to escalating obesity rates.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995 Sep
PMID:A public health approach to the problem of obesity. 858 Oct 75

Obesity is a heterogeneous condition and not every obese patient is at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). It is now well established that the regional distribution of body fat is a critical correlate of the metabolic complications of obesity. Studies that have assessed adipose tissue distribution by imaging techniques such as computed tomography have demonstrated the importance of the intra-abdominal (visceral) fat depot as a marker of a cluster of metabolic abnormalities which include glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyper-insulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated number of apo B-carrying lipoproteins as well as hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Although the association between visceral obesity and metabolic complications can hardly be questioned, it has been suggested that it may not necessarily represent a causal relationship. For instance, concomitant alterations in sex steroid levels have been found in both men and women with abdominal (visceral) obesity which have also been reported to be significantly correlated with the insulin resistant-dyslipidemic state found in abdominal obese subjects. In women, abdominal obesity is associated with increased free testosterone concentrations and reduced sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels, whereas in men this condition is associated with reduced testosterone and adrenal C12 steroid (dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol) levels as well as decreased SHBG concentrations. These altered steroid and SHBG; levels have been reported to be independent correlates of the metabolic complications of visceral obesity although they cannot solely account for the increased CVD risk found in these patients. In this regard, intervention studies are clearly warranted to better quantity the respective contribution of excess visceral adipose tissue and of the concomitant alterations in sex steroid levels as modulators of metabolic disturbances increasing CVD risk in obesity.
J Endocrinol 1996 Sep
PMID:Obesity and metabolic complications: contribution of dehydroepiandrosterone and other steroid hormones. 894 99

Obesity has now developed into a world-wide epidemic and is associated with large economic costs and prevalent diseases, particularly with central body fat distribution. Insulin resistance almost invariably occurs, and might be a major trigger for disease-generating mechanisms either directly or via generation of other disease precursors ("risk factors"). The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis seems to be hypersensitive in abdominal obesity, a statement supported by increased responses to challenges from the adrenals to central regulatory centers. Furthermore, the feedback control by central glucocorticoid receptors, probably a secondary, functional consequence of an elevated HPA axis activity, because the receptor gene appears normal. Secretion of sex steroid and growth hormones is diminished, which might be consequence of elevated HPA axis activity. Hyperandrogenicity in women is probably of adrenal origin and another consequence of the sensitivity of the HPA axis. The endocrine abnormalities thus are periodically elevated cortisol and androgen (women) concentrations, as well as low secretions of gender-specific steroid and growth hormones. Since elevated cortisol, and low sex-steroid and growth hormone secretions, probably direct storage fat to visceral depots, the multiple endocrine abnormalities probably cause enlargement of these depots. Furthermore, these hormonal abnormalities most likely at least contribute to the creation of insulin resistance with additional effects of elevated fatty acids from central fat depots, which are sensitive to lipid mobilization agents. This chain of events indicates the central role of the hypersensitive HPA axis. Known causes of sensitization of this axis have been identified in subjects with abdominal obesity, including depression, anxiety, alcohol, and smoking. A common cause of HPA axis activation is perceived stress, with a depressive, defeatist, or "helplessness" reaction. In subjects with abdominal preponderance of body fat stores a number of psychosocial and socioeconomics handicaps have been identified, hypothetically predisposing to such reactions. In a primate model (monkeys), mild psychosocial stress is followed by identical psychological, endocrine, anthropometric, and metabolic abnormalities as in humans with abdominal preponderance of body fat stores, including early signs of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These findings strongly support the interpretation that a stress reaction activating the HPA axis is involved also in the human syndrome. Interventions with normalization of the endocrine perturbations are followed by clear improvements of the multiple abnormalities in both clinical, experimental, cellular and molecular studies, suggesting that the pathogenesis of abdominal preponderance of body fat and its endocrine, anthropometric and metabolic abnormalities are indeed consequences of the endocrine abnormalities identified.
Nutrition 1997 Sep
PMID:Body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and metabolic diseases. 929 93

This study examined, through a randomized controlled trial, the effects of cross-training (combined resistance and endurance exercise) on markers of insulin resistance, (e.g., dyslipidemia, intra-abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension), body composition, and performance in hyperinsulinemic individuals. Sedentary adult males characterized as hyperinsulinemic (fasting insulin > 2 OuU.mL-1), randomly assigned to two groups (N = 8 each), completed 14 wk of training at 3 d.wk-1. An endurance-only (E) group performed both continuous cycle exercise and walking (30 min each at 60-70% heart rate reserve). A cross-training (C) group performed both endurance and resistance exercise (8 exercises, 4 sets/exercise, 8-12 repetitions/set) in a single session. Both E and C groups demonstrated similar increases in VO2max (25% and 27%) while only C demonstrated an increase in 1 RM bench press (19%) and leg press (25%). The changes induced by C training were significantly greater than those from E training alone in percent fat (6.9 +/- 1.3 vs 1.4 +/- 1.4), insulin concentration (8.5 +/- 2.7 vs 3.0 +/- 1.3 uU.mL-1), glucose levels (11.1 +/- 2.9 vs 5.9 +/- 2.6 mg.dL-1), HDL-C levels (5.1 +/- 1.3 vs 2.9 +/- 1.6 mg.dL-1), triglyceride concentration (43.8 +/- 13.6 mg.dL-1), and systolic blood pressure (14.6 +/- 5.5 vs 8.3 +/- 6.8 mm Hg). Results indicate that the addition of resistance training to an endurance training program will induce significantly greater differences in markers of insulin resistance and body composition in individuals with hyperinsulinemia than endurance training alone.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997 Sep
PMID:Effects of cross-training on markers of insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia. 930 27

First degree relatives of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) have a 40% risk of developing NIDDM during their lifetime and the risk seems to be greater if the disease is inherited from the mother than from the father. It has also become clear that metabolic abnormalities are demonstrable long before the disease becomes manifest. The prediabetic state is associated with a predisposition to abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, lipid disorders, high blood pressure, and microalbuminuria, ie, the metabolic or insulin resistance syndrome. It is, however, not yet known whether treatment of these abnormalities is able to prevent progression to manifest NIDDM.
Am J Hypertens 1997 Sep
PMID:Characterization of the prediabetic state. 932 18


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