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Query: UMLS:C0311277 (abdominal obesity)
 2,792 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Waist girth (WG) is regarded as the most significant anthropometric parameter associated with cardiovascular risk. The objective of the present study was to strengthen WG as an obesity marker by basing WG assessment not on gender but on individually measured body build characteristics that need not coincide with gender. We formulated a new marker, the Waist Reference Girth (WRG) and two corollaries, the Waist Deviation (WD) and the Percent Waist Deviation (%WD). The present research centered on deriving an equation for WRG from relevant trunk skeletal measurements that closely predicted WG in lean individuals. This equation would determine any individual's WRG and current WD. Trunk skeletal widths and chest depth as well as WG were measured on 507 physically active subjects (247 men and 260 women), predominantly lean young adults. Multiple regression analysis with the skeletal measurements as independent variables was performed on this data to predict WG. The unisex WRG equation WRG = Chest Sum x 1.635 predicted WG of 282 lean subjects (maximum WD of 4 cm) with R(2) of 0.87 (SEE of 3.0 cm). Male and female WG cutoff values for central obesity are usually taken at 94 cm and 80 cm respectively. For the average male and female WRG in this study (79 cm and 67.4 cm), these cutoff values are equivalent to WD of 15 cm and 12.6 cm respectively and to 19%WD for both genders (15/79 and 12.6/67.4). With %WD normalized for WRG, hence unaffected by intra-group or inter-group variations in the Chest Sum, %WD thresholds may better identify health risks linked to abdominal obesity than existing WG thresholds.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2005
PMID:Waist girth normalized to body build in obesity assessment. 1573 9

The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic abnormalities linked to insulin resistance, has attracted much interest as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Hyperinsulinemia is also a postulated biological risk factor for colorectal carcinogenesis. We therefore here examined the relation between the metabolic syndrome and colorectal adenoma development. The study subjects were 756 cases of colorectal adenoma and 1751 controls with no polyps who underwent total colonoscopy during the period January 1995 to March 2002 at two Self Defense Forces (SDF) hospitals in Japan. The metabolic syndrome was defined with reference to abdominal obesity in combination with any two of the following conditions: elevated triglycerides (150 mg/dL); lowered HDL cholesterol (<40 mg/dL); elevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure 85 mmHg); and raised fasting glucose (110 mg/dL). Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference of 85 cm or more(Japanese criterion) or 90 cm (Asian criterion). Statistical adjustment was made for age, hospital, and rank in the SDF. The metabolic syndrome was found to be associated with a moderately increased risk of colorectal adenomas whether either of the Japanese and Asian criteria was used; adjusted odds ratios with the Japanese and Asian criteria were 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.69) and 1.48 (95% CI 1.13-1.93), respectively. Increased risk was more evident for proximal than distal colon or rectal adenomas, and was almost exclusively observed for large lesions (5 mm in diameter). Thus the metabolic syndrome appears to be an important entity with regard to the prevention of colorectal cancer, as well as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
PMID:The metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma development: the Self-Defense Forces health study. 1643 97

The nature of nutritionally-related disease (NRD) in transitional economies is such that deficiency can frequently co-exist with excess. This is most usually represented by the combination of diets of low nutritional quality (low and little food component density and diversity, FCDD) and decreased levels of physical activity, predicated, in part, on limited affordability of alternatives. Moreover, these changes are not simply inter-generational, as the pace of socio-environmental change is great enough for them to be intra-generational as well. The most troublesome situation is that of maternal undernutrition, with intra-uterine growth retardation, compromised lactation and infant feeding, leading to stunting in early life and to abdominal obesity and its consequences later in life. Weight management in these situations requires pre-conceptional interventions, effective maternal-child health programmes and life-long approaches to avoid inappropriate gene programming and body compositional disorders. It is unlikely that narrow strategies, located solely around energy balance, will do more than attenuate this growing burden of disease for most of the world's populations. The pluralistic approaches to health required are likely to build on more effective lifestyle, behavioural and pharmacotherapeutic strategies to weight management, and do so at all ages, from conception to later life.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006
PMID:Weight management in transitional economies: the " double burden of disease" dilemma. 1692 58

The global obesity epidemic is causing much concern among health professionals due to the major health risks associated with obesity. Excess weight, particularly abdominal obesity, elevates multiple cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, including Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. Thus obesity management goals should encompass health improvement and cardiometabolic risk reduction as well as weight loss. While lifestyle and diet modification form the basis of all effective strategies for weight reduction, some individuals may need additional intervention. About one in four people with BMI >27 kg/m(2) (those who have weight-related morbidity and who have been unsuccessful losing weight in standard ways) may require adjunctive therapy such as pharmacotherapy, very low energy diets/meal replacements, or bariatric surgery. This review focuses on appropriate use of pharmacotherapy for obesity and cardiometabolic risk. Sibutramine and orlistat are currently available for use in Australia. Rimonabant has been approved for use in the European Union, and is being considered for regulatory approval in the USA and Australia. The efficacy and safety of these three agents are examined. In addition, several novel pharmacotherapy agents in development are discussed.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006
PMID:Emerging pharmacotherapy for treating obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk. 1692 62

A nutritional status survey of Orang Asli (Aboriginal) adults in Lembah Belum, Grik, has been conducted involving a total of 138 subjects. Jahai (58.7%) was the main ethnic group as compared to that of Temiar (41.3%). Based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) characteristics, the majority (63.2%) of the respondents were normal, 26.7% underweight and 10.1% were either overweight or obese. However, by using two different indices of waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, 1.6% and 10.8% of the total respondents revealed abdominal obesity, respectively. Measurement of mid upper arm muscle circumference (MUAMC) indicated that about 40% showed nutritional insufficiency whereas 0.8% showed over-nutrition. Body fat classification revealed that 53.4% of the respondents were thin, 45.8% at normal level and only 0.8% were obese. Student's t-test revealed a significant difference in anthropometric indices of body weight, height, MUAMC, triceps, sub-scapular, supra-iliac and body fat according to gender. Meanwhile, analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences in body weight, waist circumference, WHR and body fat according to different age categories. It was also found that those who smoked had lower BMI compared with non-smokers. Alcohol consumption was associated with higher BMI and WHR among the respondents. Pearson's correlation test between anthropometric measurements and socio-economic and demographic factors showed that ethnic group was the strongest variable.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007
PMID:Anthropometric indices and life style practices of the indigenous Orang Asli adults in Lembah Belum, Grik of Peninsular Malaysia. 1721 80

A large health screening program in Taiwan with members who have periodic checks provides an opportunity to track individuals who are healthy at baseline for the emergence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and its component disorders. The syndrome comprised abdominal obesity assessed by waist circumference, high fasting serum glucose (FSG), high triglyceride (TG), low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and high blood pressure. A cohort of 9,785 adults (4,707 men and 5,078 women), aged 19 to 84 years, who were free from the MS at baseline were followed for 4 years from 1998 to 2002. Using Asian criteria for abdominal obesity and reducing the threshold for FSG from >or=110 mg/dL to >or=100 mg/dL, the incidence of MS during the 4-year follow up in the MJ Health Screening Center Study in Taiwan was 12.7% (17.5% for men and 8.3% for women). The incidence of the MS in men exceeded that for women up until 50-59 years and then this gender was reversed in the older age groups pointing to pre-menopausal protection in women. The most evident manifestations of the incident of metabolic abnormalities were high FSG, high blood pressure and high TG, particularly in post-menopausal women. Baseline body mass index and age were the most significant predictors of MS for both men and women, with cigarette smoking significantly predictive in men. Incident information should inform preventive and intervention strategies in Taiwanese, both Chinese and Indigenous, more effectively than MS and its component disorder prevalences.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008
PMID:Body mass index (BMI) as a major factor in the incidence of the metabolic syndrome and its constituents in unaffected Taiwanese from 1998 to 2002. 1858 57

This study aimed to determine valid waist circumference (WC) thresholds using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for pediatric metabolic syndrome (MS) prediction and to compare validities between the thresholds derived from ROC curves and the WC cut-offs defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Four hundred and sixty four males and 415 females, 10-18 years, who participated in the KNHNES 2005 were included. Subjects were classified as having pediatric MS when a high WC and > or = 2 of the risk factors defined by IDF were present. High WC was defined using either IDF criterion (> or =90th percentile for age and sex-specific WC based on Korean reference in adolescents 10-15 years of age, > or =90cm in males and > or =80cm in females 16-18 years of age) or age-adjusted WC thresholds derived from the ROC curves predicting > or = 2 abnormal risk factors. The AUCs were 0.71-0.81 (sensitivity 74-100%, specificity 52-65%) among males and 0.63-0.76 (sensitivity 71-90%, specificity 37-87%) among females for WC thresholds (55th and 32th percentile for males and females 10-15 years of age, 73cm and 76cm for males and females 16-18 years of age), while the AUCs were 0.65-0.66 (sensitivity 39-45%, specificity 84-93%) among males and 0.53-0.76 (sensitivity 20-57%, specificity 86-96%) among females for IDF-defined WC cut-offs. The prevalence of MS using IDF definition for WC was 4% in males and 2% in females, while those using WC thresholds were 8% and 5%, respectively. The IDF's definition of abdominal obesity may be less sensitive in screening adolescents with pediatric MS compared to WC thresholds.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008
PMID:Waist circumference percentile criteria for the pediatric metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. 1881 62

This study estimated and compared the prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and its individual components in young adults (ages 20-39 years) in the US and Korea using 2003-2004 US and 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. The mean body mass index and rate of metabolic abnormalities in the US were significantly higher than in Korea. The prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the US was nearly three times higher than in Korea using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III and Inter-national Diabetes Federation criteria (21.6% vs. 6.9% and 23.0% vs. 6.9%, p <0.001). The prevalence of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia was higher in the US while the prevalence of low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level was higher in Korea. The rate of hypertension showed no significant difference while mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure varied between the two countries. The proportion of subjects having at least one component of Metabolic Syndrome was similar in both countries; however, multiple abnormalities were more common in the US. These findings indicate the need for the development of race/ethnic-based norms for components of the Metabolic Syndrome and detailed analysis of the risk factors for the Metabolic Syndrome in the two countries. National health policies designed to prevent the Metabolic Syndrome, its individual abnormalities, and its complications using population-based characteristics of each nation will generate improved outcomes.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008
PMID:A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States (US) and Korea in young adults aged 20 to 39 years. 1881 69

Criteria of obesity in the Chinese population with multiple metabolic risk factors remains unclear. The objective was to determine the best anthropometrical measurements with regard to the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to propose optimal cut-off values. Between April and August, 2007, 3,704 men and 6,392 women aged 18-85 years were recruited from four community centers. Medical examinations included measurement of weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, fasting blood triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose concentrations, and blood pressure (BP). Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), WC and waist to stature ratio (WSR) were calculated. Four metabolic risk factors were examined: 1) high BP; 2) high levels of TG; 3) low levels of HDL-C; 4) impaired glucose tolerance. The relationships between studied indices and risk factors were analyzed using partial correlation analyses, analysis of variance (ANOVA), linear regression, and Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The optimal cut-off values of each obesity index were calculated using ROC analysis respectively. All obesity indices were positively associated with metabolic risk factors. Area under curve (AUC) of WC was the largest for >or= 2 risk factors after adjustment for age in both genders. Optimal cut-off points for WC were 89 cm in men, and 80.5cm, 82.5cm, and 89.5cm in < 40-yr, 40-60-yr, and > 60-yr women respectively. Waist circumference is best associated with metabolic risk factors among the studied indices in Chinese adults. Indices of abdominal obesity for older age groups tend to be higher than younger age groups in women.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2009
PMID:Obesity criteria for identifying metabolic risks. 1932 3

Many studies in Asia have demonstrated that Asian populations may require lower cut-off levels for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference to define obesity and abdominal obesity respectively, compared to western populations. Optimal cut-off levels for body mass index and waist circumference were determined to assess the relationship between the two anthropometric- and cardiovascular indices. Receiver operating characteristics analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off levels. The study sample included 1833 subjects (mean age of 44+/-14 years) from 93 primary care clinics in Malaysia. Eight hundred and seventy two of the subjects were men and 960 were women. The optimal body mass index cut-off values predicting dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or at least one cardiovascular risk factor varied from 23.5 to 25.5 kg/m2 in men and 24.9 to 27.4 kg/m2 in women. As for waist circumference, the optimal cut-off values varied from 83 to 92 cm in men and from 83 to 88 cm in women. The optimal cut-off values from our study showed that body mass index of 23.5 kg/m2 in men and 24.9 kg/m2 in women and waist circumference of 83 cm in men and women may be more suitable for defining the criteria for overweight or obesity among adults in Malaysia. Waist circumference may be a better indicator for the prediction of obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors in men and women compared to BMI. Further investigation using a bigger sample size in Asia needs to be done to confirm our findings.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2009
PMID:Optimal cut-off levels to define obesity: body mass index and waist circumference, and their relationship to cardiovascular disease, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes in Malaysia. 1971 80


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