Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0311277 (abdominal obesity)
 2,792 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adipose tissue (AT) is not considered anymore as a passive depot for storing excess energy in the form of triglycerides but as an active organ secreting several hormones or adipokines. With the exception of adiponectin the serum levels of adipokines are increased in obesity. Leptin regulates food intake, reproductive and immune system. Adiponectin decreases insulin resistance and has antiinflammatory properties. On the contrary, resisting, tumor necrosis factor and Interleukin-6 are diabetogenic and induce inflammatory reactions. It is believed that atherosclerosis is due to the inflammation induced by oxydized LDL-cholesterol in vessels. Abdominal obesity is associated with increased incidence of metabolic disorders and insulin resistance. The role of adipokines in these disorders is described as well as their role in the antidiabetic effect of thiazo-linedinediones. AT contains also enzymes responsible for the aromatization of androstenedione into estrone, which could explain an increase of breast and uterus cancer in obese people.
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PMID:[Adipose tissue: a real endocrine gland synthesizing hormones and cytokines: clinical implications]. 1509 64

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels are closely associated with adiposity and predict coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, relationships of CRP to adiponectin and other markers of insulin resistance have been inadequately researched in children. We measured fasting serum levels of adiponectin, insulin, hs-CRP, and lipoproteins, and recorded the anthropometric profile and percentage of body fat (%BF; bioimpedance method) in 62 (36 normal weight, 26 overweight) healthy, urban, postpubertal Asian Indian males (aged 14 to 18 years). Serum levels of adiponectin were lower (P = not significant [NS]), whereas those of fasting insulin (P = .01) and hs-CRP (P = .02) were higher in overweight subjects. Adiponectin levels inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI; r = -0.26, P < .05), %BF (r = -0.24, P < .05), fasting insulin (r = -0.32, P < .05) and insulin resistance measured by the homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA-IR; r = -0.31, P < .05), but not with hs-CRP levels. Fasting insulin and hs-CRP levels correlated significantly with BMI, %BF, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip circumference ratio (W-HR), and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness. The correlation of adiponectin with insulin sensitivity was independent of abdominal obesity, but became nonsignificant after controlling for BMI and %BF. Further, BMI was an independent predictor of adiponectin levels and the ratio of adiponectin and %BF was an independent predictor of fasting insulin levels. Although adiponectin levels did not correlate with hs-CRP levels, we observed dichotomous relationships of adiponectin and hs-CRP levels with generalized and abdominal obesity, respectively. We conclude that generalized obesity affects the adiponectin-insulin relationship in postpubertal Asian Indian males; however, the relationship of adiponectin with hs-CRP needs further evaluation.
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PMID:Adiponectin, insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein in postpubertal Asian Indian adolescents. 1537 91

Adiponectin is a novel endogenous insulin sensitizer, secreted by mature adipocytes. Circulating levels of adiponectin are inversely associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Because obesity is a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we hypothesized that low adiponectin levels are associated with RCC. To evaluate this hypothesis, we conducted a case- control study of 70 patients with histologically confirmed RCC and 280 healthy controls matched by gender, age and county of residence. Study subjects were interviewed and blood samples were collected during a 32-month period in Athens, Greece. Serum adiponectin levels were statistically, significantly and inversely associated with RCC when compared with controls (OR=0.76, p=0.05) and this association remained practically unchanged after controlling for BMI; the introduction of waist to hip ratio along with adiponectin in the multiple logistic regression analysis model rendered the association between adiponectin and RCC risk insignificant, indicating that altered levels of adiponectin may mediate the effect of central or intra-abdominal obesity on RCC. Prospective studies as well as studies exploring underlying mechanisms are needed to fully explore the role of adiponectin in predicting future risk of RCC in humans.
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PMID:Low adiponectin levels are associated with renal cell carcinoma: a case-control study. 1720 22

Adipose tissue is an active and complex endocrine organ that secretes numerous bioactive substances, including hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. Central obesity, one of the components of metabolic syndrome, is a cardiometabolic risk factor associated with a state of chronic inflammation and coagulation, one in which the expression of certain adipocytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-(alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is more abundantly increased, while adiponectin expression is decreased. TNF-alpha initiates and organizes inflammatory changes in vascular tissue. IL-6, an inflammatory cytokine directly implicated in atherogenesis, exerts pleiotropic effects on a variety of tissues. An increased concentration of PAI-1, an important regulator of the endogenous fibrinolytic system, promotes continued clotting. Adiponectin, on the other hand, has potent vasculoprotective, angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic properties. Adiponectin levels are low in obese individuals and increase when weight is lost, thereby serving as a marker for cardioprotection. Weight loss has long been promoted as a means to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease; for example, exercise and a hypocaloric diet have been shown to decrease PAI-1 levels. Weight loss drugs, such as orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, and sibutramine, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, have both been shown to produce a decrease in C-reactive protein levels and an increase in serum adiponectin. Rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist in Phase III studies, also has been shown to increase adiponectin levels. These agents may play a role in the regulation of adipocytokines, which may directly affect the risk for cardiometabolic disease.
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PMID:The relation of adipose tissue to cardiometabolic risk. 1720 62

Asian Indians have a unique phenotype characterized by increased abdominal obesity and visceral fat despite low body mass index [BMI]. Though studies have indicated some adipocytokines to be associated with diabetes and obesity in Indians, there are virtually no studies relating adipocytokines and proinsulin with diabetes and obesity in Asian Indians. In this study we looked at adipocytokines--leptin, adiponectin and tumour necrosis factor-a [TNF-alpha] and insulin and proinsulin in subjects with diabetes and obesity. Thirty five diabetic subjects and 50 healthy controls were recruited for the study. Leptin [p=0.002J and adiponectin levels [p=0.011] were lower and proinsulin values higher [p<0.001] in diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic subjects. In addition, leptin [p<0.001] and proinsulin [p<0.001] were higher and adiponectin [p<0.001] lower, in obese subjects compared to non-obese subjects. TNF-alpha failed to show any significant difference between the study groups. Leptin and proinsulin showed a significant and positive correlation with BMI [p<0.001] and waist circumference [p<0.001]. Adiponectin showed an inverse correlation with BMI [p=0.050] and waist circumference [p=0.002]. Proinsulin showed a significant negative association with adiponectin [p=0.002]. Logistic regression analysis revealed leptin to be negatively associated [Odds ratio [OR]: 0.864, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.775 -0.963, p=0.008] and proinsulin [OR: 1.567, 95% CI: 1.246-1.971, p<0.001] to be positively associated with diabetes even after adjusting for age, gender and BMI. Leptin [OR: 1.365, 95% CI: 1.170-1.592, p<0.001] and proinsulin [OR: 1.617, 95% CI: 1.218 -2.147, p=0.001] showed a significant positive association with obesity, while adiponectin [OR: 0.927, 95% CI: 0.865 - 0.995, p=0.035] had a significant inverse association. Linear regression analysis revealed that adiponectin is inversely associated with proinsulin even after the addition of age, gender and diabetes status [beta= -0.61, p=0.033] into the model. In conclusion, in urban Asian Indians in western India, proinsulin levels showed a positive association, while leptin and adiponectin showed a negative association with diabetes. With regard to obesity, leptin and proinsulin had a positive association, while adiponectin had a negative association. Proinsulin levels showed an inverse association with adiponectin indicating a possible link between insulin secretion and insulin resistance.
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PMID:Association of adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin TNF-alpha), insulin and proinsulin with diabetes--the Mumbai Obesity Project [MOP]. 1721 14

Adiponectin may play an important role in the regulation of body weight, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of adiponectin in a Mediterranean adult population and its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. A cross-sectional study was performed in a representative sample of 1023 subjects from a Spanish Mediterranean population. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome were identified using the diagnostic criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III. Anthropometric parameters were measured, and biochemical analyses were performed in fasting conditions. Plasma insulin levels were measured and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was calculated. Plasma adiponectin levels were measured by a commercial radioimmunoassay. Median levels of adiponectin were significantly higher in women than in men after adjusting for differences in body mass index. However, no differences in adiponectin plasma levels were observed in relation to age. Significantly lower levels of adiponectin were also observed in women with obesity, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia or diabetes, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, or metabolic syndrome. In men, only those with obesity, abdominal obesity, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, or metabolic syndrome showed significantly lower plasma levels of adiponectin. In a stepwise multivariate analysis, sex, waist circumference, serum C-reactive protein serum levels, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance explained 23.4% of its variability. In conclusion, adiponectin plasma levels are more closely related to the components of the metabolic syndrome in women than in men in a Mediterranean population.
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PMID:Plasma adiponectin distribution in a Mediterranean population and its association with cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. 1795 98

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived protein with an insulin-sensitizing action. Circulating levels of adiponectin are inversely correlated with obesity, especially abdominal obesity. Some studies have suggested that low levels of circulating adiponectin might be related to increased risk of colorectal cancer and adenomas. The present study examined the relationship between total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin to colorectal adenomas in the Self Defense Forces (SDF) Health Study. The study subjects comprised 656 cases of colorectal adenomas and 648 controls with normal colonoscopy among men receiving a preretirement health examination at two Self Defense Forces hospitals. Total and HMW adiponectin were slightly lower in adenoma cases than in controls; geometric means of total adiponectin were 5.42 microg/mL in cases and 5.63 microg/mL in controls (P = 0.13), and the corresponding values of HMW adiponectin were 2.47 microg/mL and 2.57 microg/mL, respectively (P = 0.29). Regardless of adjustment for body mass index and other lifestyle factors, total adiponectin was unrelated to the risk of colorectal adenomas. Total adiponectin levels were inversely related to the risk of large adenomas (>or= 5 mm), but not of small adenomas, with a nearly statistically significant decreasing trend (P = 0.06). However, the inverse association was largely ascribed to body mass index and other lifestyle factors. HMW adiponectin showed no clear association with either overall or size-specific risk of colorectal adenomas. The study provided suggestive evidence for a protective association between adiponectin and large adenomas, but did not indicate a protective association independent of adiposity.
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PMID:Adiponectin and colorectal adenomas: Self Defense Forces Health Study. 1837 27

It has been hypothesized that abdominal obesity leads to insulin resistance partly through decreased adiponectin. However, the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among waist, adiponectin, and insulin sensitivity have not been examined in older adolescents. Non-Hispanic white and black children were recruited from the Minneapolis school district and underwent three examinations at mean ages 13, 15, and 19. Insulin sensitivity (measured using the gold-standard euglycemic clamp) and waist circumference were measured at all exams. Adiponectin was measured at mean ages 15 and 19. Partial correlations were used to examine associations among waist, adiponectin, and insulin sensitivity at mean age 15 (n = 308) and mean age 19 (n = 218). Longitudinal correlations and a longitudinal regression model were used to predict adiponectin and insulin sensitivity measured at ages 15 and 19, from age 13 waist and change in waist. At age 15, waist and adiponectin were significantly correlated (r = -0.32). At age 19, waist and adiponectin were significantly correlated (r = -0.36), as were waist and insulin sensitivity (r = -0.16). Both baseline waist and change in waist were significantly inversely associated with age 19 adiponectin but with age 19 insulin sensitivity only in men. In conclusion, in adolescents, the association between waist and adiponectin appears to develop several years before the association between waist and insulin sensitivity and there is a longitudinal association between waist and adiponectin. These results support the hypothesis that adiponectin may contribute to the association of waist and insulin sensitivity.
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PMID:Influence of waist on adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in adolescence. 1910 28

Adiponectin is a peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue. It is a key hormone responsible for insulin sensitization, and its circulating level is inversely associated with abdominal obesity. Recent studies have shown that a reduced plasma adiponectin level is significantly correlated with the risk of various cancers. However, there are few studies regarding the association of adiponectin and colorectal cancer. To address this issue, we investigated the effect of adiponectin on colorectal cancer cells. Three colorectal cancer cell lines express both AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 receptors. MTT assay revealed that adiponectin inhibited human colorectal cancer cell growth. Furthermore, Western blot analysis revealed that adiponectin activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and suppressed mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Selective AMPK inhibitor compound C abrogated the inhibitory effect of adiponectin on cell growth. Our results clearly demonstrate the novel findings that adiponectin inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth via activation of AMPK, thereby down-regulating the mTOR pathway.
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PMID:Adiponectin inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. 1914 67

Adiponectin is one of the most clinically relevant cytokines associated with obesity. However, circadian rhythmicity of adiponectin in human adipose tissue (AT) has not been analyzed. To assess whether the mRNA levels of adiponectin and its receptors (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) might show daily circadian rhythms in visceral and sc fat explants obtained from morbid obese women, visceral and sc abdominal AT biopsies (n = 6) were obtained from morbidly obese women (body mass index >or=40 kg/m(2)). Anthropometric variables were measured and fasting plasma glucose, lipid, and lipoprotein concentrations were analyzed. To investigate rhythmic expression pattern, AT explants were cultured during 24 h, and gene expression was analyzed at the following times: 0800, 1400, 2000, and 0200 h, using quantitative real-time PCR. All genes investigated showed a circadian rhythmicity and oscillated accurately and independently of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in both AT explants (P < 0.05). Adiponectin gene expression fluctuated in the same phase as its receptors. Correlation analyses between the genetic circadian oscillation and components of the metabolic syndrome revealed that adiposity and abdominal obesity correlated with a decrease in adiponectin and adiponectin receptors ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 amplitude (P < 0.05). Visceral fat showed a trend toward a phase delay and dampening of the mRNA amplitude of adiponectin as compared with sc fat. The mRNA expression of adiponectin and its receptors showed 24-h rhythmicity in human AT from morbidly obese patients.
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PMID:Circadian expression of adiponectin and its receptors in human adipose tissue. 1988 69


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